Abstract: Provided is a peptide and method in preventing or treating infections caused by a wide spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and fungus in hosts such as plants and animals. Methods of preventing or treating plant diseases and infection in animals are also provided.

Abstract: An error corrector with a high use efficiency of a memory includes a memory, a bus device, an input buffer and an error correction module. The memory stores data. The bus device controls a memory access. The input buffer receives and temporarily stores a coded blockcode data, and writes the coded blockcode data in the memory through the bus device. The error correction module reads the coded blockcode data in the memory through the bus device and decodes it in rows and columns to thereby obtain decoded data and check bytes. The error correction module writes the decoded data in the memory through the bus device and discards the check bytes.

Abstract: A memory managing method for video data decoding process is provided. The memory managing method includes the following steps. A first frame having a first definition is stored, wherein the first frame is a first type or a second type. A second frame having the first definition is stored, wherein the second frame is the first type or the second type. A first frame having a second definition is stored in the memory space where the first frame having the first definition was originally stored, and the remaining memory space left after the original first frame having the first definition had been stored is released, wherein the memory space for storing the first frame having the first definition is greater than the memory space for storing the first frame having the second definition. A third frame having the second definition is stored, wherein the third frame is a third type.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for decoding video image data including a plurality of frames are provided. Each of the frames includes a reserved portion and a non-reserved portion. The method comprises decoding only the non-reserved portion of one of the frames and displaying the decoded non-reserved portion of the frame and the reserved portion of a previously decoded frame. The apparatus comprises a decoding device to decode the non-reserved portion of one of the frames and a displaying device to display the reserved portion of a previously decoded frame and the decoded non-reserved portion of the frame.

Abstract: An output method for improving video image quality is provided. First, a frame data of a first frame is received, wherein the first frame may coincide with a first type or a second type. Thereafter, the first frame is subjected to a signal process step to output a processed first frame with a first standard, wherein the processed first frame comprises a first signal to noise (S/N) ratio. Next, a frame data of a second frame with a second standard is received, wherein the second frame coincides with a third type. Thereafter, a first decompression process of frame data is performed on the second frame to output a processed second frame with the first standard, wherein the processed second frame comprises a second S/N ratio. In addition, a difference between the first S/N ratio and the second S/N ratio is smaller than a predetermined minimum tolerance.

Abstract: A system for playing video data and audio data and displaying subtitles includes a subtitle analyzer for analyzing the subtitles and providing subtitle display time, a controller for providing playback control signals based on the subtitle display time from the subtitle analyzer, a video decoder decoding the video data, an audio decoder decoding the audio data, a player for playing the decoded video data and the decoded audio data according to the playback control signals. A method for playing video data and audio data and displaying subtitles includes analyzing the subtitles and providing subtitle display time, providing playback control signals based on the subtitle display time, decoding the video data and the audio data, and playing the decoded video data and the decoded audio data according to the playback control signals.

Abstract: An interface apparatus and a method of updating data for non-volatile memory are provided. The interface apparatus of the present invention is suitable for an embedded system having a universal-serial-bus (USB) interface and a non-volatile memory. The interface apparatus employs a command translator to directly translate the specific form command commanded by an external device, so that, the interface apparatus may well directly initialize and read/write data from/to the non-volatile memory of the embedded system, without being processed by the microprocessor inside the embedded system.

Abstract: A method for using non-volatile memory and an electronics device thereof is provided. The method includes the following steps. First, a non-volatile memory pre-loaded with a plurality of original data is provided. When updating the original data with new data, if free space is available in the non-volatile memory, then the new data is written into the free space. If free space is not available, all the updated original data is written into the erased non-volatile memory.

Abstract: A memory controller capable of estimating memory power consumption includes a memory control unit, a command dispatch device, plural bank state machines and a power-state and current-accumulation device. The memory control unit generates control signals based on a memory access command sent by a system for accessing a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM). The command dispatch device synchronously receives the control signals sent by the controller to the SDRAM. The plural bank state machines are connected to the command dispatch device to receive the control signals dispatched by the command dispatch device and accordingly determine whether to transfer its internal state or not. The power-state and current-accumulation device determines on which state the SDRAM is in accordance with states of the plural band state machines, thereby computing current consumption of the SDRAM.

Abstract: A method of taking messages for a DVD player is provided. The DVD player includes input device, memory, a DVD play module, and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module. Firstly, recording the message in the memory of the DVD layer. Thereafter, waiting for a predetermined event. Finally, outputting and displaying the message. The DVD player records and outputs messages according to the DVD player in order to take messages in the present invention.

Abstract: A data communication circuit of a SDRAM for data communication comprises a plurality of data lines coupled to a plurality of data pins. The number of the data lines, according to an embodiment of the present invention, is less than the number of the data pins. When the data communication circuit receives/outputs data, one of the LDQM pin and the UDQM pin are enabled to receive/output a first part of the data. The other LDQM pin and the UDQM pin are enabled. Accordingly, the data communication circuit of the SDRAM, according to an embodiment of the present invention, is capable of transmitting more data using a bus with a narrow width.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for decoding video image data including a plurality of frames are provided. Each of the frames includes a reserved portion and a non-reserved portion. The method comprises decoding only the non-reserved portion of one of the frames and displaying the decoded non-reserved portion of the frame and the reserved portion of a previously decoded frame. The apparatus comprises a decoding device to decode the non-reserved portion of one of the frames and a displaying device to display the reserved portion of a previously decoded frame and the decoded non-reserved portion of the frame.

Abstract: An apparatus and a system having in-system-programming function are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a non-volatile memory, a controller and a serial interface unit. When the non-volatile memory is to be programmed, the controller will actively catch the program data from an external device via the serial interface unit and save the program data in non-volatile memory. Thus, the programming efficiency is enhanced, an additional programmer is unnecessary, and the production cost can be saved.

Abstract: A dynamic random access memory controller is suitable in controlling a first dynamic random access memory and a second dynamic random access memory, which two memory capacities are not the same. The judging circuit of the dynamic random access memory controller receives and judges whether or not a system addressing signal falls within a preset range, and outputs a judging signal. Furthermore, the transforming and shielding circuit transforms the system addressing signal and byte enable signal in accordance with the judging signal, and therefore obtains a memory addressing signal and a shielding signal for addressing the first and the second dynamic random access memories. Furthermore, the data interface circuit, in accordance with the judging signal, buffers or separates a system writing-in data signal, or, buffers or merges the memory data signal.

Abstract: A memory managing method for video data decoding process is provided. The memory managing method includes the following steps. A first frame having a first definition is stored, wherein the first frame is a first type or a second type. A second frame having the first definition is stored, wherein the second frame is the first type or the second type. A first frame having a second definition is stored in the memory space where the first frame having the first definition was originally stored, and the remaining memory space left after the original first frame having the first definition had been stored is released, wherein the memory space for storing the first frame having the first definition is greater than the memory space for storing the first frame having the second definition. A third frame having the second definition is stored, wherein the third frame is a third type.

Abstract: An output method for improving video image quality is provided. First, a frame data of a first frame is received, wherein the first frame may coincide with a first type or a second type. Thereafter, the first frame is subjected to a signal process step to output a processed first frame with a first standard, wherein the processed first frame comprises a first signal to noise (S/N) ratio. Next, a frame data of a second frame with a second standard is received, wherein the second frame coincides with a third type. Thereafter, a first decompression process of frame data is performed on the second frame to output a processed second frame with the first standard, wherein the processed second frame comprises a second S/N ratio. In addition, a difference between the first S/N ratio and the second S/N ratio is smaller than a predetermined minimum tolerance.

Abstract: A method for using non-volatile memory and an electronics device thereof is provided. The method includes the following steps. First, a non-volatile memory pre-loaded with a plurality of original data is provided. When updating the original data with new data, if free space is available in the non-volatile memory, then the new data is written into the free space. If free space is not available, all the updated original data is written into the erased non-volatile memory.

Abstract: A data communication circuit of a SDRAM for data communication comprises a plurality of data lines coupled to a plurality of data pins. The number of the data lines, according to an embodiment of the present invention, is less than the number of the data pins. When the data communication circuit receives/outputs data, one of the LDQM pin and the UDQM pin are enabled to receive/output a first part of the data. The other LDQM pin and the UDQM pin are enabled. Accordingly, the data communication circuit of the SDRAM, according to an embodiment of the present invention, is capable of transmitting more data using a bus with a narrow width.

Abstract: A digital versatile disc (DVD) playback device capable of recognizing characters comprises a character recognition unit to converse subtitle pictures recorded in a DVD into character codes. Therefore, the DVD playback device may provide useful information by analyzing the conversed character codes by means of a post process unit thereof for a use in other applications.

Abstract: A method for bi-directional motion compensation is provided. The method comprises: adding the predicted error twice, the first predictor, and one to obtain a first calculation result; wherein if the first calculation result is larger than a maximum positive value storable in the register, either the maximum positive value or a value of the maximum positive value minus one is stored in the register, otherwise the first calculation result is stored in the register; adding the value stored in the register and the second predictor to obtain a second calculation result; wherein if the second calculation result is larger than the maximum positive value storable in the register, either the maximum positive value or the value of the maximum positive value minus one is stored in the register, if the second calculation result is smaller than zero, a zero is stored in the register, otherwise the second calculation result is stored in the register; right-shifting the value one bit to obtain the pixel data.