Abstract: A method for determining a consistency coefficient of a power-law cement grout includes: determining a water-cement ratio of the power-law cement grout; according to engineering practice requirements, determining a time required to determine the consistency coefficient of the power-law cement grout; and obtaining the consistency coefficient of the power-law cement grout. The method is accurate and reliable, requires less calculation, etc.; and has very high practical value and popularization value in environmental protection and ecological restoration.

Abstract: A method for determining a three-dimensional tortuosity of a loose and broken rock-soil mass, includes the following steps: a particle grading curve of the loose and broken rock-soil mass is obtained by utilizing a particle size analysis, and followed by calculating an equivalent particle size and an average particle size; a porosity of the loose and broken rock-soil mass is obtained by utilizing a moisture content test, a density test, and a specific gravity test; the three-dimensional tortuosity of the loose and broken rock-soil mass is obtained by utilizing the equivalent particle size, the average particle size and the porosity of the loose and broken rock-soil mass. The method has the advantages of simple logic, accuracy and reliability, simple and fast parameter determination, and has high practical value and promotion value in the field of environmental protection and ecological restoration technology.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical fiber composition which has a high resistance to aging upon exposure to hydrogen. The inventive optical fiber does not require further treatment steps, such as passivation or hermetic coating, to meet specifications for hydrogen aging. The inventive optical fiber has a core glass composition with a germania doping concentration from 0% to 4% in weight. Decreasing the dopant concentration of germanium increases the resistance of the fiber to hydrogen by reducing the number of germanium defect sites in the core of the fiber. The optical fiber composition is advantageous for rare earth-doped fibers which are particularly sensitive to hydrogen aging.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: An optical fiber amplifier has a pump module operating at a shorter wavelength at room temperature than conventional optical fiber amplifiers. At the maximum operating case temperature, the output from the pump module is still at a lower wavelength than the upper absorption band edge of the optical fiber. In a further embodiment, an Er—Yb co-doped optical fiber is further doped with aluminum to flatten a portion of the optical absorption profile. Co-doping with aluminum reduces the sensitivity of optical amplifier output to wavelength drift of the pump module when pumped near the secondary peak.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical fiber composition which has a high resistance to aging upon exposure to hydrogen. The inventive optical fiber does not require further treatment steps, such as passivation or hermetic coating, to meet specifications for hydrogen aging. The inventive optical fiber has a core glass composition with a germania doping concentration from 0% to 4% in weight. Decreasing the dopant concentration of germanium increases the resistance of the fiber to hydrogen by reducing the number of germanium defect sites in the core of the fiber. The optical fiber composition is advantageous for rare earth-doped fibers which are particularly sensitive to hydrogen aging.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of passivating an optical fiber or preform by reducing a hydrogen content in the fiber or preform using a deuterium ion plasma passivation process or a high temperature deuterium gas passivation of preforms for exchanging at least a portion of the hydrogen contained within the optical fiber or preform with deuterium. The deuterium plasma is generated from a deuterium gas. To further reduce the passivation, the optical fiber or preform are heated in the deuterium plasma. If desired, the deuterium plasma is applied to an inner wall of a preform tube before collapsing the preform tube into a preform rod.

Abstract: An optical fiber preform is made by modifying a conventional preform tube having a cladding zone and a core zone, before its thermal collapse normally followed by fiber drawing. The modification is accomplished by depositing, e.g. by MCVD, a thin protective layer of a light-transmissive material, e.g. silica, on the inner surface of the preform tube, over the core zone, before the collapse step. The material of the protective layer has a higher viscosity than the material of the core zone. The protective layer is deposited over the inner (core) zone of the preform tube and its thickness and composition is selected to prevent excessive viscosity drop of the typically alumina-doped core zone during the collapse step. The provision of the protective, viscosity-controlling protective layer is helpful in maintaining good roundness of the collapsed preform tube.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for the manufacture of an optical fiber preform having incorporated therein a comparatively high concentration of rare earth dopant material, and which thus can be drawn and processed into an optical fiber having low numerical aperture, low core attenuation, and high pumping power absorption. The high concentrations of rare earth dopant material are accomplished through either the “hybrid vapor processing” (HVP) method or a “hybrid liquid processing” (HLP) method, each capable of being practiced in combination or independently of one another. The HVP method involves the vaporization of a rare earth halogen by the exposure thereof to a sufficiently elevated temperature, independently, or contemporaneously with the transport of the resultant rare earth halogen laden vapor, into a glass forming oxidation reaction zone on a flowing stream of essentially an unreactive inert gas, such as helium.

Abstract: In a double-clad optical fiber comprising a core having an index of refraction n.sub.1, an inner cladding surrounding the core and having an index of refraction n.sub.2, and a first outer cladding surrounding the inner cladding and having an index of refraction n.sub.3 (wherein n.sub.1 >n.sub.2 >n.sub.3), the softness of the first outer cladding often renders it difficult to perform polishing or other mechanical operations on the end of the fiber. To reduce such difficulties it is advantageous to remove the first outer cladding from a limited end portion of the fiber, replacing it with a second outer cladding having an index of refraction n.sub.4 (wherein n.sub.2 >n.sub.4) and a hardness which is greater than that of the first outer cladding.