Abstract: A zoom lens includes a first lens group of negative refractive power, a second lens group of positive refractive power and a third lens group of positive refractive power. The zoom lens satisfies the following condition formulas: 0.68<|f2/f1|<0.85, and 0.65<L2/fT<0.86, where f1 represents an effective focal length of the first lens group, f2 represents an effective focal length of the second lens group, L2 is a displacement of the second lens group when the zoom lens varies from a wide-angle state to a telephoto state, and fT represents an effective focal length of the zoom lens which is in the telephoto state.

Abstract: A zoom projection lens system, in order from the magnification side to the minification side thereof, includes a first lens group with negative refraction power, a second lens group with positive refraction power, a third lens group with positive refraction power, a fourth lens group with negative refraction power; and a fifth lens group with positive refraction power. The first, second, third, fourth lens group are movably positioned, and the fifth lens group is immovably positioned. The first lens group includes a first aspherical plastic lens. The second lens group includes a second aspherical plastic lens. The fourth lens group includes a third aspherical plastic lens. The system satisfies the formula: ?2.4?Fa1/Fw??2.1; 2.9?Fb1/Fw?3.2; ?3.8?Fa2/Fw??3.6, wherein Fa1, Fa2, Fb1 are the effective focal lengths of the first, second, third aspherical plastic lens respectively, Fw is the effective focal lengths of the system in a wide angle state.

Abstract: Integrated Combustion Reactors (ICRs) and methods of making ICRs are described in which combustion chambers (or channels) are in direct thermal contact to reaction chambers for an endothermic reaction. Particular reactor designs are also described. Processes of conducting reactions in integrated combustion reactors are described and results presented. Some of these processes are characterized by unexpected and superior results, and/or results that can not be achieved with any prior art devices.

Abstract: A 360 degree viewing angle lens unit, from the object side to the image side thereof, includes a 360 degree viewing angle lens and a relay lens. The viewing angle lens includes an annular incident surface, a first reflective surface, a second reflective surface, and an emitting surface. The annular incident surface has a positive radius of curvature and symmetrically concentric around an optical axis of the lens unit. The first reflective surface has a positive radius of curvature and is symmetrically concentric around the optical axis. The second reflective surface has a negative radius of curvature, and is coaxial with the incident surface. The emitting surface has a positive radius of curvature and is coaxial with the first reflective surface. The relay lens has a positive refractive power and is aligned with the emitting surface. The relay lens is configured for condensing image light output from the emitting surface.

Abstract: A projection lens includes, in order from the magnification end to the minimization end thereof: a first lens group of a negative refractive power; and a second lens group of a positive refractive power. The projection lens satisfies the formula: 0.061<F/L<0.078; where F represents the effective focal length of the projection lens and L represent the total length of the projection lens.

Abstract: A zoom projection lens includes, in the order from the magnification side to the minification side thereof, a first lens group with negative refraction power, a second lens group with positive refraction power, a third lens group with positive refraction power, a fourth lens group with negative refraction power, and a fifth lens group with positive refraction power. The first lens group, the second lens group, the third lens group, and the fourth lens group are movably positioned. The fifth lens group is immovably positioned. The zoom projection lens satisfying the formulae: 1.0<|F1/Fw|<1.3; 2.5<|F3/Fw|<2.7; 2.81<|F5/Fw|<2.83; and 0.21<|F2/F4|<0.24, wherein F1-F5 respectively represent the effective focal lengths of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth lens groups, Fw represents the shortest effective focal length of the zoom projection lens.

Abstract: A zoom projection lens system includes a first lens group with negative refraction power and a second lens group with positive refraction power. The first lens group includes a first lens with negative refraction power. The second lens group includes a second lens with positive refraction power, a third lens with positive refraction power, a fourth lens with negative refraction power, and a fifth lens with positive refraction power. The zoom projection lens system satisfies the following formulas: 1.9<|F1/Fw|<2.1, 0.5<|f4/Fw|<0.8, 0.95<|f5/Fw|<1.2, where “F1”, “f4” and “f5” are respectively the effective focal lengths of the first lens group, the fourth lens and the fifth lens, “Fw” is the effective focal lengths of the zoom projection lens system in the wide angle state.

Abstract: In a multi user communication system, subcarriers are allocated to subchannels using a quality measurement for each subchannel. An initial sub carrier is allocated to each subchannel, and a quality metric measured. Subsequent subcarriers are allocated in dependence upon the quality measurement for each subchannel. The subchannel with the lowest quality measurement receives the first allocation, and the subchannel with the highest quality measurement receives the last allocation. The subsequent allocation is repeated, following a re-sort of the subchannel quality measurements, until all of the subcarriers are allocated.

Abstract: A zoom lens system includes, in the order from the object side to the image side thereof, a first lens group of positive refraction power, a second lens group of negative refraction power, a third lens group of positive refraction power, a fourth lens of positive refraction power, and an imaging plane. The first lens group and the third lens group are immovably mounted. The second lens group and the fourth lens group are movably mounted. The zoom lens system satisfies the formulae: 5<f3/f4<8.2; and 2.1<|f2/fw|<3.2, wherein f2-f4 respectively represent the effective focal lengths of the second, third and fourth lens groups, fw represents the shortest effective focal length of the zoom lens system.

Abstract: A zoom lens system is used for imaging an object to an image plane. The system, in the order from the object side to the image plane, includes a first lens group with positive refraction power, a second lens group with negative refraction power, a third lens group with positive refraction power, an aperture stop, a fourth lens group with positive refraction power, and a fifth lens group with negative refraction power. The fifth lens group comprises a lens of negative refraction power and a lens of positive refraction power. The system satisfies the formulas: ?0.18<f2/ft<?0.13; and V11?V12<20, wherein, f2 is the effective focal length of the second lens group, ft is the effective focal length of the system in the telescopic state, V11 is the Abbe number of the lens of negative refraction power, and V12 is the Abbe number the lens of positive refraction power.

Abstract: A lens system includes a main lens and a transfer lens aligned with the main lens. The optical axis of the main lens is superposed on that of the transfer lens. The transfer lens includes, in order from the object side to the image side thereof, a first lens having negative refraction power, and a second lens having positive refraction power. The lens system satisfies the following conditions: 0.4<|f1/f2|<0.8; 2<v1/v2<3.8; 0.86<N1/N2<1.12; wherein, f1 is a focal length of the first lens, f2 is a focal length of the second lens, v1 is an Abbe constant of the first lens, v2 is an Abbe constant of the second lens, N1 is a refractive index of the first lens, N2 is a refractive index of the second lens.

Abstract: An image lens system includes a first lens group that includes a first and a second lens, a movable second lens group that includes a third and a fourth lens, and a third lens group that includes a fifth lens. The image lens system satisfies the formulas: 2.1?Lw/(a*Y)<2.5; 1.9?|Fp|/F1|?2.2; and 0.6?|Fp2/F2|?0.7, where “Lw” represents the overall length of the image lens system in the wide angle state, “a” represents the ratio of the effective focal length of the image lens system in the telephoto state to that in the wide angle state, “Y” represents the maximum height of image that the image lens system generates, “Fp1” and “Fp2” represents the effective focal lengths of the second and the fourth lenses, “F1” and “F2” represents the effective focal lengths of the first and the second lens groups.

Abstract: A lens system includes, in order from the subject side to the image side of thereof, a first lens group of negative refractive power, a second lends group of positive refractive power, and an image plane. The first lens group includes a first spherical lens, a second spherical lens, and a third spherical lens arranged in this order from the subject side to the image side of the lens system. The first spherical lens includes a first subject surface and a first image surface. The lens system satisfies the following formula: 8.9<D/F0<9.9, wherein, D is the distance between an apex point of the first subject surface and the image plane along the optical axis of the lens system, F0 is the effective focal length of the lens system.

Abstract: A super-wide-angle lens system for imaging an object on an imaging surface, includes a first lens group with negative refraction power and a second lens group with positive refraction power. The first lens group includes a first spherical lens with negative refraction power, a second spherical lens with negative refraction power, and a third spherical lens with positive refraction power. The first lens has a first surface facing the object side of the first lens group. The second lens group includes a fourth spherical lens with positive refraction power and a fifth spherical lens with negative refraction power. The system satisfies the formulas: 0.01<D/|FG1|<1, and 2<D/FG2<4, where D is the distance from the first surface to the imaging surface, FG1 is the effective focal length of the first lens group, and FG2 is the effective focal length of the second lens group.

Abstract: A projection lens system includes, from the magnified side to the reduced side thereof, a first lens group having negative refractive power, a second lens group having positive refractive power, a third lens group having positive refractive power, and a field lens. The projection lens system satisfies the following conditions: 2.9<TT/f<3.7, and 1.85<f4/f<2.65, where TT is a total length of the projection lens system; f is an effective focal length of the projection lens system; f4 is an effective focal length of the field lens.

Abstract: A zoom lens system includes a first lens group with positive refractive power, a second lens group with negative refractive power, a third lens group with positive refractive power, and a fourth lens group with positive refractive power. The lens groups can move along the optical axis of the zoom lens system. The zoom lens system satisfies the formula: 0.15<|L3|/Lt<0.25. L3 is a movement vector of the third lens group during the zoom lens system moves from a wide-angle state to a telephoto state. The movement vector is a positive value when the zoom lens system moves from a subject side to an image side thereof. The movement vector is a negative value when the zoom lens system moves from the image side to the subject side. Lt is the total length of the zoom lens system along the optical axis in the telephoto state.

Abstract: A zoom lens system includes, in order from the subject side to the image side thereof, a first lens group of positive refractive power, a second lends group of negative refractive power, a third lens group of positive refractive power, and a fourth lens group of positive refractive power. The zoom lens system satisfies the following formulas: ?0.15<L3/Lt<?0.35, wherein, L3 is the movement vector of the third lens group during the zoom lens system moves from the wide-angle state to the telephoto state. The movement vector is a positive value when the third lens group moves from the object side to the image side. The movement vector is a negative value when the third lens group moves from the image side to the object side. Lt is the total length of the zoom lens system along the optical axis when in the telephoto state.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a projection lens system for a projector having a spatial light modulator (SLM). The projection lens system includes, in order from the magnified end to the minified end thereof, a first lens group with negative refraction power, a second lens group with positive refraction power, and a third lens group with positive refraction power. The projection lens system satisfies the following formulas: 3<TT/f<3.6, and 0.48<BFL/f; wherein, TT is the overall length of the projection lens system; f is an effective focal length of the projection lens system; BFL is the back focal length of the projection lens system, the back focal length is equal to the distance between the third lens group and the SLM.

Abstract: A zoom projection lens system includes a first lens group with negative refraction power and a second lens group with positive refraction power. The first lens group includes a first lens with negative refraction power. The second lens group includes a second lens with positive refraction power, a third lens with positive refraction power, a fourth lens with negative refraction power, and a fifth lens with positive refraction power. The zoom projection lens system satisfies the following formulas: 1.9<|F1/Fw|<2.1, 0.5<|f4/Fw|<0.8, 0.95<|f5/Fw|<1.2, where “F1”, “f4” and “f5” are respectively the effective focal lengths of the first lens group, the fourth lens and the fifth lens, “Fw” is the effective focal lengths of the zoom projection lens system in the wide angle state.

Abstract: A method for generating error detection code is disclosed. Firstly, a first error detection code PEDC is derived by using 12-byte unknown sector data information including ID, IED, RSV and the 2048-byte main data while the main data is delivered from a host. Secondly, a second error detection code MEDC is obtained by using known 12-byte sector data information including ID, IED, RSV and the 2048-byte main data. Thereafter, the real error detection code EDC is obtained by applying an exclusive-OR operation to both the PEDC and MEDC.