Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes forming a source/drain region on a substrate and forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the source/drain region. The method further includes forming a second ILD layer over the first ILD layer, forming a source/drain contact structure within the first ILD layer and the second ILD layer, and selectively removing a portion of the source/drain contact structure to form a concave top surface of the source/drain contact structure.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes forming a source/drain region on a substrate and forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the source/drain region. The method further includes forming a second ILD layer over the first ILD layer, forming a source/drain contact structure within the first ILD layer and the second ILD layer, and selectively removing a portion of the source/drain contact structure to form a concave top surface of the source/drain contact structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for wafer cleaning. The apparatus includes an enclosure made of a noncombustible material, a wafer holder, a cleaning nozzle, at least one sensor, and an exhaust unit. The wafer holder can hold and heat a wafer. The cleaning nozzle can supply a flow of a cleaning fluid onto a surface of the wafer. The at least one sensor can detect attributes of the wafer. The exhaust unit can expel a vapor generated by the cleaning fluid in the enclosure. The exhaust unit can include a rinse nozzle to rinse the vapor passing through the exhaust unit with a mist.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes an apparatus for wafer cleaning. The apparatus includes an enclosure made of a noncombustible material, a wafer holder, a cleaning nozzle, at least one sensor, and an exhaust unit. The wafer holder can hold and heat a wafer. The cleaning nozzle can supply a flow of a cleaning fluid onto a surface of the wafer. The at least one sensor can detect attributes of the wafer. The exhaust unit can expel a vapor generated by the cleaning fluid in the enclosure. The exhaust unit can include a rinse nozzle to rinse the vapor passing through the exhaust unit with a mist.

Abstract: A method of forming a gate structure includes forming an opening through an insulating layer and forming a first work function metal layer in the opening. The method also includes recessing the first work function metal layer into the opening to form a recessed first work function metal layer, and forming a second work function metal layer in the opening and over the first work function metal layer. The second work function metal layer lines and overhangs the recessed first work function metal layer.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes forming a source/drain region on a substrate and forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the source/drain region. The method further includes forming a second ILD layer over the first ILD layer, forming a source/drain contact structure within the first ILD layer and the second ILD layer, and selectively removing a portion of the source/drain contact structure to form a concave top surface of the source/drain contact structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for wafer cleaning. The apparatus includes an enclosure made of a noncombustible material, a wafer holder, a cleaning nozzle, at least one sensor, and an exhaust unit. The wafer holder can hold and heat a wafer. The cleaning nozzle can supply a flow of a cleaning fluid onto a surface of the wafer. The at least one sensor can detect attributes of the wafer. The exhaust unit can expel a vapor generated by the cleaning fluid in the enclosure. The exhaust unit can include a rinse nozzle to rinse the vapor passing through the exhaust unit with a mist.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes forming a source/drain region on a substrate and forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the source/drain region. The method further includes forming a second ILD layer over the first ILD layer, forming a source/drain contact structure within the first ILD layer and the second ILD layer, and selectively removing a portion of the source/drain contact structure to form a concave top surface of the source/drain contact structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for wafer cleaning. The apparatus includes an enclosure made of a noncombustible material, a wafer holder, a cleaning nozzle, at least one sensor, and an exhaust unit. The wafer holder can hold and heat a wafer. The cleaning nozzle can supply a flow of a cleaning fluid onto a surface of the wafer. The at least one sensor can detect attributes of the wafer. The exhaust unit can expel a vapor generated by the cleaning fluid in the enclosure. The exhaust unit can include a rinse nozzle to rinse the vapor passing through the exhaust unit with a mist.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate, a pair of source/drain regions on the semiconductor substrate, and a gate structure on the semiconductor substrate and between the pair of source/drain regions. The gate structure includes a first metal layer and a second metal layer in contact with the first metal layer. A sidewall of the first metal layer and a top surface of the semiconductor substrate form a first included angle, a sidewall of the second metal layer and the top surface of the semiconductor substrate form a second included angle. The second included angle is different from the first included angle.

Abstract: A method includes forming a bottom source/drain contact plug in a bottom inter-layer dielectric. The bottom source/drain contact plug is electrically coupled to a source/drain region of a transistor. The method further includes forming an inter-layer dielectric overlying the bottom source/drain contact plug. A source/drain contact opening is formed in the inter-layer dielectric, with the bottom source/drain contact plug exposed through the source/drain contact opening. A dielectric spacer layer is formed to have a first portion extending into the source/drain contact opening and a second portion over the inter-layer dielectric. An anisotropic etching is performed on the dielectric spacer layer, and a remaining vertical portion of the dielectric spacer layer forms a source/drain contact spacer. The remaining portion of the source/drain contact opening is filled to form an upper source/drain contact plug.

Abstract: A method of forming a gate structure includes forming an opening through an insulating layer and forming a first work function metal layer in the opening. The method also includes recessing the first work function metal layer into the opening to form a recessed first work function metal layer, and forming a second work function metal layer in the opening and over the first work function metal layer. The second work function metal layer lines and overhangs the recessed first work function metal layer.

Abstract: A method of forming a gate structure includes forming an opening through an insulating layer and forming a first work function metal layer in the opening. The method also includes recessing the first work function metal layer into the opening to form a recessed first work function metal layer, and forming a second work function metal layer in the opening and over the first work function metal layer. The second work function metal layer lines and overhangs the recessed first work function metal layer.

Abstract: A method for forming semiconductor device structure is provided. The method includes forming a gate stack over a semiconductor substrate and forming a spacer element over a sidewall of the gate stack. The method also includes forming a dielectric layer over the semiconductor substrate to surround the gate stack and the spacer element and replacing the gate stack with a metal gate stack. The method further includes forming a protection element over the metal gate stack and forming a conductive contact partially surrounded by the dielectric layer. A portion of the conductive contact is formed directly above a portion of the protection element.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, a first interlayer dielectric layer is formed over a substrate. First recesses are formed in the first interlayer dielectric layer. First metal wirings are formed in the first recesses. A first etch-resistance layer is formed in a surface of the first interlayer dielectric layer between the first metal wirings but not on upper surfaces of the first metal wirings. A first insulating layer is formed on the first etch-resistance layer and the upper surfaces of the first metal wirings.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes forming a source/drain region on a substrate and forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the source/drain region. The method further includes forming a second ILD layer over the first ILD layer, forming a source/drain contact structure within the first ILD layer and the second ILD layer, and selectively removing a portion of the source/drain contact structure to form a concave top surface of the source/drain contact structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for wafer cleaning. The apparatus includes an enclosure made of a noncombustible material, a wafer holder, a cleaning nozzle, at least one sensor, and an exhaust unit. The wafer holder can hold and heat a wafer. The cleaning nozzle can supply a flow of a cleaning fluid onto a surface of the wafer. The at least one sensor can detect attributes of the wafer. The exhaust unit can expel a vapor generated by the cleaning fluid in the enclosure. The exhaust unit can include a rinse nozzle to rinse the vapor passing through the exhaust unit with a mist.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate, a pair of source/drain regions on the semiconductor substrate, and a gate structure on the semiconductor substrate and between the pair of source/drain regions. The gate structure includes a first metal layer and a second metal layer in contact with the first metal layer. A sidewall of the first metal layer and a top surface of the semiconductor substrate form a first included angle, a sidewall of the second metal layer and the top surface of the semiconductor substrate form a second included angle. The second included angle is different from the first included angle.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes forming a source/drain region on a substrate and forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the source/drain region. The method further includes forming a second ILD layer over the first ILD layer, forming a source/drain contact structure within the first ILD layer and the second ILD layer, and selectively removing a portion of the source/drain contact structure to form a concave top surface of the source/drain contact structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes an apparatus for wafer cleaning. The apparatus includes an enclosure made of a noncombustible material, a wafer holder, a cleaning nozzle, at least one sensor, and an exhaust unit. The wafer holder can hold and heat a wafer. The cleaning nozzle can supply a flow of a cleaning fluid onto a surface of the wafer. The at least one sensor can detect attributes of the wafer. The exhaust unit can expel a vapor generated by the cleaning fluid in the enclosure. The exhaust unit can include a rinse nozzle to rinse the vapor passing through the exhaust unit with a mist.