Abstract: The disclosed principles provide for techniques for the 3D fabrication of sensing systems that are embedded inside battery cells and provide cell parameter data for a comprehensive and an robust battery management system. The disclosed principles provide for online and real-time monitoring of battery state-of-health down to the individual cell level of each battery using embedded sensors on one or more of the internal layers of a cell, such as the dielectric separators found in such battery cells. The implementation of the disclosed principles in individual battery cells therefore provides an increased likelihood to mitigate catastrophic failures in batteries. In addition, the disclosed fabrication processes for printing sensors directly on one or more of the components or layers within each individual battery cell, significantly reduce manufacturing steps required by conventional battery management systems.