Abstract: A VPD sensor for a horticultural environment is provided. The VPD sensor includes an upper housing, a lower housing, and a vapor pressure deficit sensing module. The lower housing is coupled with the upper housing and includes a lower sidewall and a bottom wall that cooperate to define an interior. The vapor pressure deficit sensing module is coupled with the lower housing and is disposed in the interior. The upper housing and the lower housing are spaced from each other along a centerline to define an air gap therebetween that is in fluid communication with the interior. The lower sidewall defines an opening that is in fluid communication with the interior and cooperates with the interior and the air gap to define a fluid pathway that extends through the interior and between the opening and the air gap.

Abstract: A soil sensor for a horticultural environment is provided. The soil sensor includes at least one probe, a sensing module, and an onboard controller. The at least one probe is configured for insertion into a soil substrate. The sensing module is associated with the at least one probe and is configured to detect an environmental parameter of the soil substrate via the at least one probe. The onboard controller is in signal communication with the sensing module and is configured to determine a value of the environmental parameter from the measured environmental parameter.

Abstract: A key-value store and a file system are integrated together to provide improved operations. The key-value store can include a log engine, a hash engine, a sorting engine, and a garbage collection manager. The features of the key-value store can be configured to reduce the number of I/O operations involving the file system, thereby improving read efficiency, reducing write latency, and reducing write amplification issues inherent in the combined key-value store and file system.

Abstract: A file system particular for use with key-value stores is provided. The file system can operate in a user space instead of a kernel space. The file system can be an append-only file system. The file system can support use of solid state drives (SSDs) for storage, including zoned SSDs. The file system can include a file manager, a metadata manager, a task scheduler, a space allocator, and a collaborator for collaborating with a key-value store.