Abstract: A method for creating a nanostructure surface, comprises creating a nanostructure master having a surface being the negative of a shape that, when illuminated with a predefined illumination, provides a unique optical pattern; and creating nanostructure molds from the nanostructure master, wherein each nanostructure mold has a negative of the master surface which, when illuminated with the predefined illumination, provides the unique optical pattern, which may be a hologram. A nanotag may incorporate an image for identification and a unique pattern that can be identified for authentication.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for providing optimized audio output. The system comprises a device, such as a mobile phone connectable to one or more earphones. The device may comprise a computing platform having a processor; an audio unit configured to generate one or more output signals of arbitrary amplitude to the one or more earphones at least one microphone configured to record the power level of the outputs signals and calculate a proportionality constant for each frequency of the output signals; and wherein the processor is further configured to: analyze the proportionality constant for each frequency of one or more feedback signals from the one or more earphones to yield calibration data; adjust the amplitude or frequency based at least on the calibration data to calibrate the device; generate one or more audiograms resulted by conducting a hearing test using the calibrated device; and adjust the device power level according to the received one or more audiograms.

Abstract: A method for creating a nanostructure surface, comprises creating a nanostructure master having a surface being the negative of a shape that, when illuminated with a predefined illumination, provides a unique optical pattern; and creating nanostructure molds from the nanostructure master, wherein each nanostructure mold has a negative of the master surface which, when illuminated with the predefined illumination, provides the unique optical pattern, which may be a hologram. A nanotag may incorporate an image for identification and a unique pattern that can be identified for authentication.

Abstract: A system for providing audio output. The system includes a device, e.g. a mobile phone connectable to one or more earphones. The device includes a computing platform having a processor; an audio unit configured to generate one or more output signals of arbitrary amplitude to the earphone(s); and at least one microphone configured to record the ambient power level during signal output. The user indicates his/her hearing of the output signals whereby a proportionality constant is recorded for each frequency of the output signals. The processor is configured to: analyze the proportionality constant for each frequency of one or more feedback signals from the earphone(s) to yield calibration data; adjust the amplitude or frequency based on the calibration data; generate one or more audiograms resulting from a hearing test; and adjust the device power level according to the received one or more audiograms.

Abstract: A system for providing audio output. The system includes a device, e.g. a mobile phone connectable to one or more earphones. The device includes a computing platform having a processor; an audio unit configured to generate one or more output signals of arbitrary amplitude to the earphone(s); and at least one microphone configured to record the ambient power level during signal output. The user indicates his/her hearing of the output signals whereby a proportionality constant is recorded for each frequency of the output signals. The processor is configured to: analyze the proportionality constant for each frequency of one or more feedback signals from the earphone(s) to yield calibration data; adjust the amplitude or frequency based on the calibration data; generate one or more audiograms resulting from a hearing test; and adjust the device power level according to the received one or more audiograms.