Abstract: Aspects described herein provide structures for a force sensor, and force sensors using such structures, which are compact and easy to manufacture, for example by 3D printing. In particular the structures comprise a pair of stacked ring sensor elements, the ring sensor elements in turn being formed by upper and lower ring elements joined together at points around the circumference thereof by resiliently mounted connection bars. The connection bars may extend in the same plane as the rings, in which case sensitivity to torque about the axis of the rings is much reduced, such that a five-axis sensor is effectively obtained, or the connection bars may extend obliquely between the upper and lower rings of each sensor element, such that they have a directional component in the direction of the axis of the rings (the rings of each element being co-axially stacked).

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide structures for a force sensor, and force sensors using such structures, which are compact and easy to manufacture, for example by 3D printing. In particular the structures comprise a pair of stacked ring sensor elements, the ring sensor elements in turn being formed by upper and lower ring elements joined together at points around the circumference thereof by resiliently mounted connection bars. The connection bars may extend in the same plane as the rings, in which case sensitivity to torque about the axis of the rings is much reduced, such that a five-axis sensor is effectively obtained, or the connection bars may extend obliquely between the upper and lower rings of each sensor element, such that they have a directional component in the direction of the axis of the rings (the rings of each element being co-axially stacked).

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to evaluate a tracheal intubation technique in consideration of various points to remember related to a tracheal intubation treatment. A tracheal intubation training apparatus (10) is provided with a model (14) which has an appearance modeled on the upper body portion of a human body and an evaluation means (15) which evaluates the tracheal intubation technique carried out to the model (14). The model (14) has pressure sensors (46, 57, 62, 66) which measure pressurizing force when a tracheal intubation device (12) touches respective sections (31, 32, 34, 36, 41, 63) modeled on sections from the inside of the mouth through to that of the trachea of a living body, position detection sensors (69, 76) which detect whether the tracheal intubation device (12) exists in the predetermined areas of the tracheal part (63) and an esophageal part (64), and angle sensors (79 to 81) which detect the postures of a head/face part (28A), a neck/chest part (28B), and a lower jaw part (31).