Abstract: Anti-skid control is performed by switching between a reduction mode for reducing braking torque and an increase mode for increasing braking torque based on a comparison between four wheel speeds and vehicle body speed. A controller calculates wheel accelerations based on wheel speeds and includes a control mode condition where the reduction mode is selected at each wheel and a wheel acceleration condition where each wheel acceleration is within a predetermined value range. If a state in which the control mode condition and the wheel acceleration condition are simultaneously satisfied is maintained over a predetermined time period, the controller determines that a residual state is satisfied. When the residual state is not satisfied, the controller calculates vehicle body speed based on the maximum value of the wheel speeds, whereas when the residual state is satisfied, the controller calculates vehicle body speed based on the minimum value of the wheel speeds.

Abstract: A light-emitting electrochemical cell has a light-emitting layer and electrodes and disposed on the respective surface thereof. The light-emitting layer includes an organic polymeric light-emitting material and an ionic compound represented by the general formula (1). The ring A1 denotes an aromatic ring; X is S, C or P; R1 denotes R? or OR?, and R? denotes an alkyl group; n denotes 0 or 1; B denotes O, OR2 or A2, R2 denotes a saturated hydrocarbon group, and A2 denotes an aromatic ring; the bond a is a single bond or a double bond; the bond a between B and X is a double bond and B is O; when X is P, the bond a between B and X is a single bond and B is OR2 or A2; d is 1 or more; and Y+ denotes a cation.

Abstract: An additive for a light-emitting layer contains a compound represented by formula (1): where X is P, C, or S; A is a cyclic hydrocarbon group that may have H, a direct bond, a chain hydrocarbon group, or a heteroatom; R is H or an alkyl group, and a plurality of R may link together to form a ring, and if said ring is formed, at least one R is an alkyl group; m is 0 or 1; r is 1 when X is a phosphorous atom or a carbon atom and 2 when X is a sulfur atom; n is a number represented by 3-m when X is a phosphorous atom, and a number represented by 2-m if X is a carbon atom or a sulfur atom; and p is 1 when m is 0, at least 1 when m is 1, and is a substitutable number in A.

Abstract: Anti-skid control is performed by switching between a reduction mode for reducing braking torque and an increase mode for increasing braking torque based on a comparison between four wheel speeds and vehicle body speed. A controller calculates wheel accelerations based on wheel speeds and includes a control mode condition where the reduction mode is selected at each wheel and a wheel acceleration condition where each wheel acceleration is within a predetermined value range. If a state in which the control mode condition and the wheel acceleration condition are simultaneously satisfied is maintained over a predetermined time period, the controller determines that a residual state is satisfied. When the residual state is not satisfied, the controller calculates vehicle body speed based on the maximum value of the wheel speeds, whereas when the residual state is satisfied, the controller calculates vehicle body speed based on the minimum value of the wheel speeds.

Abstract: An additive for a light-emitting layer contains a compound represented by formula (1): where X is P, C, or S; A is a cyclic hydrocarbon group that may have H, a direct bond, a chain hydrocarbon group, or a heteroatom; R is H or an alkyl group, and a plurality of R may link together to form a ring, and if said ring is formed, at least one R is an alkyl group; m is 0 or 1; r is 1 when X is a phosphorous atom or a carbon atom and 2 when X is a sulfur atom; n is a number represented by 3-m when X is a phosphorous atom, and a number represented by 2-m if X is a carbon atom or a sulfur atom; and p is 1 when m is 0, at least 1 when m is 1, and is a substitutable number in A.

Abstract: A light-emitting electrochemical cell has a light-emitting layer and electrodes and disposed on the respective surface thereof. The light-emitting layer includes an organic polymeric light-emitting material and an ionic compound represented by the general formula (1). The ring A1 denotes an aromatic ring; X is S, C or P; R1 denotes R? or OR?, and R? denotes an alkyl group; n denotes 0 or 1; B denotes O, OR2 or A2, R2 denotes a saturated hydrocarbon group, and A2 denotes an aromatic ring; the bond a is a single bond or a double bond; the bond a between B and X is a double bond and B is O; when X is P, the bond a between B and X is a single bond and B is OR2 or A2; d is 1 or more; and Y+ denotes a cation.