Abstract: A hybrid supercapacitor where the charging state is indicated by color is demonstrated. The device comprises a molecular network that functions as both the battery-type electrode and the charge indicator. Related batteries, electrodes and devices, their processes of preparation and methods of use are provided as well. Further included in this invention are data-storage devices and catalysts based on multilayers comprising metal-ion organic complexes. This invention further provides methods of preparation of the multilayers, of the data-storage devices, of the catalyst devices and methods of use thereof.