Abstract: An apparatus is equipped with first and second rotary shaft 3, 4 and a plurality of disks 40, 50 provided upright at equal intervals on the respective rotary shaft. The disks are heated or cooled from the inside, and a raw material is heated or cooled by bringing it into contact with the disk surfaces. Scraper members 45, 45? and 55, 55? that enter between the surfaces of the facing adjacent disks to scrape the raw material are fixed to each of the disks 40, 50. The first and second rotary shafts 3, 4 are rotated at unequal speeds such that the scraper members approach the facing disk surfaces with trajectories drawn thereon varying, so that the raw material that has adhered to the disk surfaces can be effectively scraped off.

Abstract: A kneading apparatus has two rotary shafts mounted to undergo rotation in opposite directions at unequal speeds. Cubic-shaped kneading members having the same shape and size are detachably mounted to the rotary shafts so as to be arranged helically with an inverse helix from each other at a predetermined helical pitch and at predetermined angular pitch intervals for kneading an object during rotation of the rotary shafts. Each kneading member has side surfaces extending parallel to a rotational axis of the rotary shaft and front and rear surfaces extending perpendicular to the rotational axis. The side surfaces of each kneading member is curved in the shape of a concave. The rotary shafts are disposed close to one another so that tips of the kneading members on one of the rotary shafts enter into the concave curved surfaces of the opposing kneading members of the other of the rotary shafts without the opposing kneading members contacting one another during rotation of the rotary shafts.

Abstract: Paddles Pn, Pn?, Qn, Qn? as kneading members are attached to two rotary shafts 3, 4 that rotate at unequal speeds in opposite directions so as to be arranged helically with an inverse helix from each other at a predetermined helical pitch and at predetermined angular pitch intervals. The rotary shafts are caused to rotate to knead an object to be kneaded. The paddles on both the rotary shaft are concavely curved at both side surfaces that extend in the axial direction of the rotary shafts. Both the rotary shafts are disposed in proximity so that, when they are caused to rotate, the distal end of each of the paddles on the one rotary shaft can enter into the concavely curved surfaces of the facing paddle on the other rotary shaft. The spacing between the facing paddles can be made small, so that high compressing and crushing effects are obtained.