Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a p-type nitride semiconductor layer, the p-type nitride semiconductor layer including an Al-containing nitride semiconductor layer and an Al-containing compound layer containing Al and C as main constituent elements and provided on the surface of the Al-containing nitride semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a p-type nitride semiconductor layer, the p-type nitride semiconductor layer including an Al-containing nitride semiconductor layer and an Al-containing compound layer containing Al and C as main constituent elements and provided on the surface of the Al-containing nitride semiconductor layer.

Abstract: This method for producing a semiconductor light emitting element includes: a step (a) of preparing a growth substrate; a step (b) of growing a first layer made of Alx1Gay1In1-x1-y1N (0<x1?1, 0?y1?1) on an upper layer of the growth substrate in a <0001> direction; a step (c) of forming a groove portion extending along a <11-20> direction of the first layer with respect to the first layer with such a depth that a surface of the growth substrate is not exposed; a step (d) of growing a second layer made of Alx2Gay2In1-x2-y2N (0<x2?1, 0?y2?1) on an upper layer of the first layer with at least a {1-101} plane serving as a crystal growth plane; and a step (e) of growing an active layer on an upper layer of the second layer.

Abstract: Provided is a compact ultraviolet irradiation apparatus which is capable of emitting ultraviolet radiation with high efficiency. This ultraviolet irradiation apparatus includes, in a vessel, a semiconductor multi-layered film element and an electron beam irradiation source for irradiating the semiconductor multi-layered film element with an electron beam, the vessel being hermetically sealed to have a negative internal pressure and having an ultraviolet transmitting window. Furthermore, the semiconductor multi-layered film element includes an active layer having a single quantum well structure or a multi quantum well structure of InxAlyGa1-x-yN (0?x<1, 0<y?1, x+y?1), and the active layer of the semiconductor multi-layered film element is irradiated with an electron beam from the electron beam irradiation source. This allows the semiconductor multi-layered film element to emit ultraviolet radiation out of the vessel through the ultraviolet transmitting window.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope includes: a first and second probes for scanning a sample while maintaining the distance to the sample surface; crystal oscillators holding each of the first and second probes; and a modulation oscillator for providing the first probe with a vibration of a specific frequency which is different from the resonant frequency of each crystal oscillator. A control unit monitors the vibration of the specific frequency of the first and second probes, detects proximity of the first probe and the second probe to each other based on the change of the specific frequencies, and controls the drive of the first and second probes.

Abstract: Provided is a compact ultraviolet irradiation apparatus which is capable of emitting ultraviolet radiation with high efficiency. This ultraviolet irradiation apparatus includes, in a vessel, a semiconductor multi-layered. film element and an electron beam irradiation source for irradiating the semiconductor multi-layered film element with an electron beam, the vessel being hermetically sealed to have a negative internal pressure and having an ultraviolet transmitting window. Furthermore, the semiconductor multi-layered film element includes an active layer having a single quantum well structure or a multi quantum well structure of InxAlyGa1-x-yN (0?x<1, 0<y?1, x+y?1), and the active layer of the semiconductor multi-layered film element is irradiated with an electron beam from the electron beam irradiation source. This allows the semiconductor multi-layered film element to emit ultraviolet radiation out of the vessel through the ultraviolet transmitting window.

Abstract: Disclosed is spout faucet that: eliminates clogging of a water purifier and a demineralizer; backwashes and cleans particles treated by a filter, which are the cause of clogging, to remove same from the filter, and cleans and discharges same to outside a unit; regenerates the filter and eliminates the inconvenience for users of being forced to replace the filter due to clogging because backwashing is not performed, even though the filter still maintains sufficient filtering capacity; and can discharge and spout from a sink discharge water from a water treatment unit and use same as general service water, to address the issue of hygiene, because currently a hose is inserted into an drainage pipes underneath sinks, and the problem of increasingly serious fresh water shortages in the future.

Abstract: A light-emitting apparatus composed of a light source that emits primary light and a phosphor that absorbs the primary light and emits secondary light offers high brightness, low power consumption, and a long lifetime while minimizing adverse effects on the environment. The phosphor is formed of a III-V group semiconductor in the form of fine-particle crystals each having a volume of 2 800 nm3 or less. The light emitted from the fine-particle crystals depends on their volume, and therefore giving the fine-particle crystals a predetermined volume distribution makes it possible to adjust the wavelength range of the secondary light.

Abstract: An ultraviolet irradiation device having a simple structure without using a pn junction, which can efficiently utilize a surface plasmon polariton and can emit ultraviolet light of a specific wavelength at a high efficiency. The device has at least one semiconductor multilayer film element and an electron beam irradiation source which are provided in a container having an ultraviolet-ray transmitting window and is vacuum-sealed, wherein the film element has an active layer formed of InxAlyGa1-x-yN (wherein 0?x?1, 0?y?1, and x+y?1) and having a single or multiple quantum well structure and a metal film formed on an upper surface of the active layer, composed of metal particles of aluminum or an aluminum alloy and having a nano-structure formed of the metal particles, wherein ultraviolet light is emitted to the outside through the transmitting window by irradiating the film element with electron beams from the irradiation source.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope includes: a first and second probes for scanning a sample while maintaining the distance to the sample surface; crystal oscillators holding each of the first and second probes; and a modulation oscillator for providing the first probe with a vibration of a specific frequency which is different from the resonant frequency of each crystal oscillator. A control unit monitors the vibration of the specific frequency of the first and second probes, detects proximity of the first probe and the second probe to each other based on the change of the specific frequencies, and controls the drive of the first and second probes.

Abstract: Prior water treatment equipments have several water clarifying process filters, water purifier and water reservoir separated from each other, occupying too much space to install under a water tank and resulting inconvenient installment. The water treatment equipments for home cannot be received in water tanks, and thus water clarifier and water purifier are disposed in the water tanks while the water reservoir is disposed separately. Water pipes are connected in between. Therefore, water clarifying processors, water reservoir and water purifier utilizing RO membrane may be integrated to eliminate unnecessary space in existing systems.

Abstract: In a method of producing bread which includes the steps of mixing separate leaven or yeast into bread dough, fermenting the dough, dividing and forming the dough, fermenting the dough again, and baking the thus fermented dough, the baking step includes at least one baking stage and at least in the final stage of baking, the dough is baked using superheated steam. The dough may be first baked partially, and after storing at room temperature or freezing, the dough may be completely baked. There is also provided a method of producing raisin yeast bread which includes the steps of fermenting water extracts of raisins and flour, further fermenting the mixture for 10 to 20 days while adding flour and water to obtain ripe raisin leaven, mixing the ripe leaven into separate leaven or bread dough, fermenting the mixture, dividing and forming the mixture, fermenting the thus divided and formed dough first at 20-25° C. for 0.5 to 2 hours, then at a low temperature of 2-10° C. for 7 to 22 hours, and finally at 20-25° C.

Abstract: The present invention is achieved with the object of providing an illumination system formed of an LED light emitting body and a socket which can appropriately release heat from LED chips. This object is achieved in the following manner. A heat conducting layer 12 made of diamond is provided on a substrate 11, and on top of this, a conductive layer 13 having a predetermined pattern is formed. LED chips 16 are mounted in predetermined positions on the conductive layer 13. Terminals of the conductive layer 13 and electrodes of the LED chips 16 are connected to each other. A connector part 14 for the connection to a socket is provided in an end portion of the substrate 11. The heat conducting layer 12 on the connector part 14 makes thermal contact with the heat conducting layer provided on the inner surface of the opening of the socket. A current is supplied to respective LED chips 16 through the conductive layer 13 from the socket, and respective LED chips 16 emit light.

Abstract: A light-emitting apparatus composed of a light source that emits primary light and a phosphor that absorbs the primary light and emits secondary light offers high brightness, low power consumption, and a long lifetime while minimizing adverse effects on the environment. The phosphor is formed of a III-V group semiconductor in the form of fine-particle crystals each having a volume of 2 800 nm3 or less. The light emitted from the fine-particle crystals depends on their volume, and therefore giving the fine-particle crystals a predetermined volume distribution makes it possible to adjust the wavelength range of the secondary light.

Abstract: The lighting system according to the present invention includes an electrical wiring substrate in which a connector to a power source is formed, a plurality of LED chips mounted in a predetermined array pattern on the electrical wiring substrate, a deflection lens array disposed in proximity to the LED chips between the LED chip and the predetermined illumination region and a housing for receiving the electrical wiring substrate and the deflection lens array. A plurality of deflection lenses are integrally molded in the deflection lens array to lead lights from the LED chips to the predetermined illumination region in a state where the lights from the LED chips are superposed with each other. The lights emitted from the LED chips are collected in a state where they all are superposed in a common, single illumination region through the deflection lenses.

Abstract: A light-emitting apparatus composed of a light source that emits primary light and a phosphor that absorbs the primary light and emits secondary light offers high brightness, low power consumption, and a long lifetime while minimizing adverse effects on the environment. The phosphor is formed of a III-V group semiconductor in the form of fine-particle crystals each having a volume of 2 800 nm3 or less. The light emitted from the fine-particle crystals depends on their volume, and therefore giving the fine-particle crystals a predetermined volume distribution makes it possible to adjust the wavelength range of the secondary light.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus which improves identification of living body tissues, and is suitable for medical lighting. In the lighting apparatus, the light output in a range of wavelength 525 to 590 nm is not greater than ? of the light output in a range of wavelength 380 to 780 nm corresponding to visible light components. The peak wavelength of a blue or bluish green light component included in the output light is in a range of 430 to 520 nm, and the peak wavelength of a red light component is not less than 600 nm. A green light component has the peak in a range of wavelength 520 to 590 nm, its spectral half-value width is not greater than 70 nm, and the light amount of at least the green light component can be independently adjusted.

Abstract: A fluorescent material excellent in emission efficiency in white emission and a light-emitting apparatus employing this fluorescent material and having excellent color rendering are provided with a fluorescent material comprising a two-layer structure of a core of a particle size having a quantum effect and a shell covering this core in which the ground state energy of the core is in the range of 1.85 to 2.05 eV, the high order energy of the core is not in the ranges of 2.3 to 2.5 eV and 2.65 to 2.8 eV, or the ground state energy of the core is in the range of 2.3 to 2.5 eV, the high order energy of the core is not in the range of 2.65 to 2.8 eV an light-emitting apparatus employing these fluorescent materials.

Abstract: Prior water treatment equipments have several water clarifying process filters, water purifier and water reservoir separated from each other, occupying too much space to install under a water tank and resulting inconvenient installment. The water treatment equipments for home cannot be received in water tanks, and thus water clarifier and water purifier are disposed in the water tanks while the water reservoir is disposed separately. Water pipes are connected in between. Therefore, water clarifying processors, water reservoir and water purifier utilizing RO membrane may be integrated to eliminate unnecessary space in existing systems.

Abstract: The present invention is achieved with the object of providing an illumination system formed of an LED light emitting body and a socket which can appropriately release heat from LED chips. This object is achieved in the following manner. A heat conducting layer 12 made of diamond is provided on a substrate 11, and on top of this, a conductive layer 13 having a predetermined pattern is formed. LED chips 16 are mounted in predetermined positions on the conductive layer 13. Terminals of the conductive layer 13 and electrodes of the LED chips 16 are connected to each other. A connector part 14 for the connection to a socket is provided in an end portion of the substrate 11. The heat conducting layer 12 on the connector part 14 makes thermal contact with the heat conducting layer provided on the inner surface of the opening of the socket. A current is supplied to respective LED chips 16 through the conductive layer 13 from the socket, and respective LED chips 16 emit light.