Abstract: A measuring method of a shape of a cross-sectional circle which is orthogonal to an axis of a cylinder includes steps of calculating distances between a reference point and points on a circumference on the basis of change of the distances of at least three predetermined points on the circumference of the cross-sectional circle to the reference point set in the cross-sectional circle by the rotation of the cylinder, and specifying the shape of the cross-sectional circle.

Abstract: The present invention aims at providing a measuring method of making loads of measurement few, making each measured value extremely exact, and efficiently reducing the number of measurement points, in cylindrical dimension measurement, and in particular, the measurement of a circumferential shape. In a measuring method of a shape of a cross-sectional circle which is orthogonal to an axis of a cylinder, the present invention is characterized by having a step of calculating distances between a reference point and points on a circumference on the basis of change of the distances of at least three predetermined points on the circumference of the cross-sectional circle to the reference point set in the cross-sectional circle by the rotation of the cylinder, and specifying the shape of the cross-sectional circle.

Abstract: The present invention aims at providing a measuring method of making loads of measurement few, making each measured value extremely exact, and efficiently reducing the number of measurement points, in cylindrical dimension measurement, and in particular, the measurement of a circumferential shape. In a measuring method of a shape of a cross-sectional circle which is orthogonal to an axis of a cylinder, the present invention is characterized by having a step of calculating distances between a reference point and points on a circumference on the basis of change of the distances of at least three predetermined points on the circumference of the cross-sectional circle to the reference point set in the cross-sectional circle by the rotation of the cylinder, and specifying the shape of the cross-sectional circle.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has an aluminum substrate and a photosensitive layer. The substrate contains aluminum, oxygen and titanium, or aluminum, oxygen and zirconium, at the surface portion on the side of the photosensitive layer. Also, a process for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the photosensitive member are disclosed.

Abstract: A pre-viewing inspection method and apparatus for inspecting an inspection article prior to visual inspection thereof, the inspection article being an electrophotographic member, such as an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The method (apparatus) comprises a defect signal detecting step (means) of detecting a defect signal based on a defect state of the inspection article, a detailed defect information generating step (means) of generating detailed defect information based on the defect signal detected in the defect signal detecting step, the detailed defect information including defect position information, and a detailed defect information visualizing step (means) of visualizing, on the inspection article, the detailed defect information generated in the detailed defect information generating step.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has an aluminum substrate and a photosensitive layer. The substrate contains aluminum, oxygen and titanium, or aluminum, oxygen and zirconium, at the surface portion on the side of the photosensitive layer. Also, a process for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the photosensitive member are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a charge-generating layer and a charge-transporting layer on a substrate, has steps of applying a solution containing a charge-transporting material, binder resin, dimethoxymethane, and an aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvent having a boiling point of 130° C. or higher, and drying the solution, to form the charge-transporting layer.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member has a layer. The process has the step of forming the layer by the use of a dispersion obtained by ejecting a pressurized fluid from an orifice into a hollow member having a diameter larger than the diameter of the orifice, to disperse a material to be dispersed. The fluid is ejected in substantially an unatomized state.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least one of the following steps a) and b) and the following steps c) and d) of; a) etching an aluminum substrate with at least one of an acid and an alkali; b) abrading an aluminum substrate with an abrasive dispersion containing 5% by volume or more of an abrasive having a 50% diameter of from 5 &mgr;m to 60 &mgr;m as measured in cumulative percentage; c) subjecting the aluminum substrate having been processed by at least one of the steps a) and b), to chemical conversion with an aqueous acid solution containing a salt of titanium or a salt of zirconium; and d) forming a photosensitive layer on the aluminum substrate having been subjected to the chemical conversion.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least one of the following steps a) and b) and the following steps c) and d) of; a) etching an aluminum substrate with at least one of an acid and an alkali; b) abrading an aluminum substrate with an abrasive dispersion containing 5% by volume or more of an abrasive having a 50% diameter of from 5 &mgr;m to 60 &mgr;m as measured in cumulative percentage; c) subjecting the aluminum substrate having been processed by at least one of the steps a) and b), to chemical conversion with an aqueous acid solution containing a salt of titanium or a salt of zirconium; and d) forming a photosensitive layer on the aluminum substrate having been subjected to the chemical conversion.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has an aluminum substrate and a photosensitive layer. The substrate contains aluminum, oxygen and titanium, or aluminum, oxygen and zirconium, at the surface portion on the side of the photosensitive layer. Also, a process for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the photosensitive member are disclosed.

Abstract: A process cartridge or an electrophotographic apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging member for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member by application of a voltage, the charging member being in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an aluminum substrate and a photosensitive layer provided thereon. The outermost surface of the substrate contains aluminum, oxygen, and at least one of titanium and zirconium.

Abstract: The invention provides a pre-viewing inspection method for an inspection article prior to visual inspection thereof, the method comprising a defect signal detecting step of detecting a defect signal based on a defect state of the inspection article, a detailed defect information generating step of generating detailed defect information based on the defect signal detected by the defect signal detecting step, and a detailed defect information visualizing step of visualizing, on the inspection article, the detailed defect information generated in the detailed defect information generating step, and a pre-viewing inspection device for an inspection article prior to visual inspection thereof, the device comprising defect signal detecting means for detecting a defect signal based on a defect state of the inspection article, detailed defect information generating means for generating detailed defect information based on the defect signal detected by the defect signal detecting means, and detailed defect information

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a charge-generating layer and a charge-transporting layer on a substrate, has steps of applying a solution containing a charge-transporting material, binder resin, dimethoxymethane, and an aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvent having a boiling point of 130° C. or higher, and drying the solution, to form the charge-transporting layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention includes: a photosensitive layer formed on an electroconductive support member thereof, wherein a surface layer of the photosensitive member contains a silicon denatured polycarbonate copolymer and a silicon-type graft polymer. An electrophotographic photosensitive apparatus according to the present invention includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member, the surface layer of which contains a silicon denatured polycarbonate copolymer and a silicon-type graft polymer; a latent image forming unit for forming an electrostatic latent image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member; a developing unit for forming a toner image by developing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, on which the electrostatic image has been formed, with a toner; and, optimally, a cleaning unit for cleaning the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is constituted by disposing charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in succession on a support. The charge generation layer contains oxytitanium phthalocyanine, an azo pigment and a hindered phenol. The electrophotographic photosensitive member including such a charge generation layer is usable for providing an apparatus unit and an electrophotographic apparatus showing excellent electrophotographic characteristics such as a suppressed photomemory, good potential stability in repetitive use and good image-forming properties.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which comprises an electroconductive support, an interlayer, and a photosensitive layer, wherein the electroconductive support is previously cleaned with a solution mainly composed of water, end the interlayer contains an electroconductive substance.The product is excellent in the electrophotographic properties and the process of making is not harmful to the human health and does not pollute the environment.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is produced by coating an electroconductive substrate with a compound represented by formula (1) shown below and a compound represented by formula (2) shown below respectively by spray-coating through separate spraying means to form a photosensitive layer containing the compounds represented by the formulae (1) and (2) respectively on the electroconductive substrate: ##STR1## In the above formulae (1) an (2), Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 independently denote an aromatic hydrocarbon ring which may have a substituent, a heterocyclic aromatic ring which may have a substituent, or a ring assembly formed by bonding the aromatic rings directly or through an aromatic or non-aromatic bonding group; and R.sub.1 -R.sub.5 independently denote hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl group, alkoxy group, nitro group or cyano group.

Abstract: A process of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can be used in many copying machines and printers is here disclosed, and this process comprises the step of spraying two or more kinds of charge generating materials on an electroconductive support by a coating apparatus in which each of independent spray devices is disposed for each of the charge generating materials, in order to form a photosensitive layer containing the two or more kinds of charge generating materials on the electroconductive support, whereby the electrophotographic photosensitive member is obtained in which the photosensitive layer is formed on the electroconductive support.

Abstract: A packaging medium for an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a conductive material and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10.sup.12 .OMEGA..cm.