Abstract: A process for producing silicon which comprises: bringing molten silicon containing an impurity into contact with molten salt in a vessel to react the impurity contained in the molten silicon with the molten salt; removing the impurity from the system.

Abstract: A process for producing silicon which comprises: bringing molten silicon containing an impurity into contact with molten salt in a vessel to react the impurity contained in the molten silicon with the molten salt; removing the impurity from the system.

Abstract: A Periodic Table Group 13 metal nitride crystal is grown by causing a reaction of a Periodic Table Group 13 metal phase with a nitride-containing molten salt phase to proceed while removing a by-product containing a metal element except for Periodic Table Group 13 metals, from the reaction field. According to this process, a high-quality Periodic Table Group 13 metal nitride bulk crystal can be produced under low pressure or atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A Periodic Table Group 13 metal nitride crystal is grown by causing a reaction of a Periodic Table Group 13 metal phase with a nitride-containing molten salt phase to proceed while removing a by-product containing a metal element except for Periodic Table Group 13 metals, from the reaction field. According to this process, a high-quality Periodic Table Group 13 metal nitride bulk crystal can be produced under low pressure or atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium for recording information by forming a magnetic pattern for information thereon by a magnetic head, which is a longitudinal magnetic recording medium having a coercive force of at least 3000 Oe, and which has a magnetic pattern for control of the magnetic head preliminarily formed thereon, wherein the full width at half maximum of an isolated pulse of a reproducing signal of the magnetic pattern for control is smaller than the full width at half maximum of an isolated pulse of a reproducing signal of the magnetic pattern for information.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium for recording information by forming a magnetic pattern for information thereon by a magnetic head, which is a longitudinal magnetic recording medium having a coercive force of at least 3000 Oe, and which has a magnetic pattern for control of the magnetic head preliminarily formed thereon, wherein the full width at half maximum of an isolated pulse of a reproducing signal of the magnetic pattern for control is smaller than the full width at half maximum of an isolated pulse of a reproducing signal of the magnetic pattern for information.

Abstract: The disclosure describes a magnetic recording medium having at least a magnetic layer, optionally by means of an under layer, on a non-magnetic substrate, wherein projections formed by irradiation of an energy beam and each having a height from 1 to 60 nm are provided at the number of 102 to 108 per 1 mm2 on the surface of any one of the non-magnetic substrate, the under layer, the magnetic layer and the magnetic recording medium.

Abstract: A method for conducting data writing/reading-out utilizing a contact start and stop (CSS) system is provided. The system includes a magnetic disc having a data zone for writing/reading-out of data and a contact start and stop (CSS) zone having a taking-off/landing region, and a stopping region for contact start and stop operation of a magnetic head. A plurality of projections are provided in the CSS zone such that the relative height of the projections in the taking-off/landing region decreases in the radial outward direction from the center of the magnetic disc toward the data zone. An average gradient for the height of the projections in the taking-off/landing zone is between about 1.times.10.sup.-6 and about 5.times.10.sup.-5. Further, the maximum height of the projections in the CSS zone is greater than the flying height of the magnetic head in the data zone, and the minimum height of the projections in the CSS zone is lower than the flying height of the magnetic head in the data zone.

Abstract: A texturing apparatus for applying a texturing to a magnetic recording medium, such as a magnetic disk including a hard drive. A substrate such as a magnetic disk is held by a substrate rotating system, which is capable of rotating the substrate. A movable laser beam source including an electro-optic modulation circuit directs a laser beam through a focusing element onto the surface of the substrate. The modulation circuit allows the laser beam to pulse at a frequency from 0.1 to 100 MHz. The focusing element allows a laser beam spot diameter of 0.2 to 4 .mu.m on the surface of the substrate. This texturing includes texturing the magnetic head contact start and stop (CSS) area of hard disks.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a magnetic recording medium comprising at least a magnetic layer, optionally by means of an under layer and an intermediate layer thereon, on a non-magnetic substrate and, occasionally a protective layer disposed on the magnetic layer, wherein projections each of a shape having a plurality of protrusions per one projection are formed by the number of from 10 to 10.sup.6 per 1 mm.sup.2 by irradiation of energy beam to a surface of at least one of the substrate, the under layer, the intermediate layer, the magnetic layer and the protective layer.

Abstract: The disclosure describes a magnetic recording medium having at least a magnetic layer, optionally by means of an under layer, on a non-magnetic substrate, wherein projections formed by irradiation of an energy beam and each having a height from 1 to 60 nm are provided at the number of 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.8 per 1 mm.sup.2 on the surface of any one of the non-magnetic substrate, the under layer, the magnetic layer and the magnetic recording medium.

Abstract: A motor includes a field magnet system comprised of plural permanent magnetic poles arranged in a circle and an armature with plural poles each facing the magnetic poles of the field magnetic system. The widthwise length of a magnetic flux generating area of the permanent magnetic poles varies with the rotational angle to eliminate a cogging torque caused by higher harmonic wave components of the magnetic flux.

Abstract: A magnetron sputtering apparatus has a target disposed above an inner magnetic pole surrounded by an outer magnetic pole of opposite polarity and a gradient adjusting means mounted underneath the target and interposed between the inner and outer magnetic poles. The gradient adjusting means operates such that the gradient of the component of the leakage magnetic field vertical to the target is reduced over the middle portion of the target, between the inner and outer magnetic poles, and is increased at portions closer to the magnetic poles. The gradient adjusting means may be made of a soft magnetic material or a permanent magnet material, and the soft magnetic material may be used alone or in combination with the permanent magnet material. A second permanent magnet may be used in conjunction with the use of a permanent magnet as the gradient adjusting means.

Abstract: An actuator is disclosed, in which an movable armature and a permanent magnet mounted on a stationary yoke are disposed to face each other with a small gap. The armature has at least one pair of protruding poles which are movable along a predetermined path. The permanent magnet comprises plural pairs of juxtaposed magnetic pieces whose polarities are opposite to each other. The plural pairs of magnetic pieces are arranged in juxtaposition with each other at positions adjacent to the path of the corresponding protruding pole so that adjacent two magnetic pieces of adjacent two pairs have the same polarity with each other. The permanent magnet generates such a magnetic pattern that the amount thereof gradually decreases from both ends of the path of each protruding pole towards the boundary of the magnet pieces of the corresponding pair to avoid the influences due to the reluctance torque and the drive torque.

Abstract: A motor comprises magnetic poles constituted by a permanent magnet magnetized in its radial direction and a core having salient poles placed inside or outside the magnetic poles wherein the magnetic flux distribution of the permanent magnet is controlled so that the cogging torque characteristic of the motor is rendered to be a specified condition.

Abstract: Increase or decrease in a quantity of alumina presenting in a bath or a metal in an aluminum electrolytic cell is detected and a quantity of electric power supplied to the cell is increased or decreased in accordance with the result of detection. The detection is made by calculating a difference between a quantity of alumina supplied to the cell during an interval between an instant at which a previous anode effect has occurred or was anticipated to occur and an instant at which a present anode effect occurs or is anticipated to occur, and the quantity of alumina consumed during the interval.

Abstract: In an array of rectangular aluminum electrolytic cells, each cell is provided with a plurality of anode electrodes, a plurality of current collecting cathode bars parallel with shorter side walls and located at a bottom of the cell and a plurality of side cathode bus bars extending along longer side walls. The cathode bars are divided into a least two groups. The current flowing through respective groups is collected at their centers on the one side and current flowing through respective groups is collected at both ends thereof on the other side. The collected currents are supplied to the anode electrodes of a next cell.

Abstract: In an aluminum electrolytic cell in which alumina is electrolyzed by electric current flowing between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, ferromagnetic rods are disposed on the anode electrode in parallel with a shorter end wall of the cell. The ferromagnetic rod is magnetized by a horizontal component of a magnetic field created in the cell by the current to produce a magnetic field containing a vertical component that decreases a gradient of a vertical component of the magnetic field created by the current. The magnetic member may be disposed above or below an aluminum metal layer or above the anode electrode. In the last mentioned case, a ferromagnetic bar may be wound about an anode supporting rod to form a coil having opposite terminals extending in the horizontal direction.