Abstract: A fluorescent lamp characterized in that the charging tendency of a phosphor used is positioned more negative side than that of metal oxides each having a metal ion electronegativity X.sub.i of 7.0 but more positive side than that of metal oxides each having a metal ion electronegativity X.sub.i of 11.8, that particles of the phosphor are charged positive and smaller than 3.0 .mu.C per gram when they are in contact with soda lime glass beads each having a particle size of 200-500 .mu.m, or that they are charged negative and larger than -0.5 .mu.C per gram when they are in contact with reduced iron powder having a particle size of 44-74 .mu.m.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus comprises a liquid crystal display panel, a fluorescent lamp for illuminating the liquid crystal display panel, the fluorescent lamp being provided with a glass bulb in which at least a pair of electrodes are disposed and mercury and rare gas fill, the glass bulb having an inner surface on which a fluorescent material is applied, the fluorescent lamp being further provided with a pair of receiving terminals, a lighting unit for lighting the fluorescent lamp, the lighting unit being electrically connected to a pair of supply terminals, and a holding unit for holding the liquid crystal display panel detachably, the fluorescent lamp and the lighting unit in an assembled state in which the paired receiving terminals are supported by the paired supply terminals.

Abstract: An optical interference film formed on the surface of the bulb of a lamp includes high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers alternately stacked on each other to form more than ten layers in all. Each high refractive index layer includes titanium oxide containing at least one additive selected from the group consisting of antimony (Sb), silicon (Si) and tantalum (Ta). An amount of the at least one additive is the range from 0.1% to 30% of the titanium oxide in terms of the metal atomic ratio.

Abstract: This invention relates to an incandescent lamp bulb comprising a visible light transmitting and infrared ray reflecting film formed on at least either one of the inside and outside of a tubular, transparent bulb, said film being composed of a lamination of alternate high and low refractive index layers, wherein the optical film thickness of any one of the high reflective index layers ranges from 0.21 to 0.31.mu., that of the topmost low refractive index layer ranges from 1/2.times.0.21 to 1/2.times.0.31.mu., that of at least one low refractive index layer ranges from 2.times.0.21 to 2.times.0.31.mu., and that of any remainder low refractive index layer ranges from 0.21 to 0.31.mu..