Abstract: A display apparatus includes a first substrate provided with a closed container, two types of charged particles held in the closed container and having mutually different charge polarities and a substantially identical color, and first, second and third electrodes for generating an electric field in the closed container, with the third electrode being disposed on the first substrate. The display apparatus alternately executes a first display operation and a second display operation, wherein in the first display operation, the charged particles create a first distribution on a first electrode side by changing a voltage applied to the second electrode or the third electrode after a first reset operation in which the charged particles create a second distribution on a second electrode side and on a third electrode side by applying a first voltage to the second electrode and to the third electrode.

Abstract: In a light-emitting apparatus including a cap layer disposed on a second electrode and a contact portion, which is disposed in an external region outside the light-emitting region and which electrically connects the second electrode to the drive circuit, the formation end of the cap layer is located in the side nearer to the light-emitting region than is the formation end of the second electrode.

Abstract: Provided is an organic electroluminescence device which includes an inorganic protective layer having sufficient device protection performance and high light extraction efficiency and which is excellent in water resistance, acid resistance, and mechanical strength. The organic electroluminescence device satisfies: [{(2m+1)/4}?(?)]?<nd<[{(2m+1)/4}+(?)]? where d indicates a thickness of an inorganic protective layer, n indicates a refractive index of the inorganic protective layer, ? indicates a maximum peak wavelength of a spectrum of light emitted from the organic electroluminescence device, and m indicates a natural number.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light emitting device which, in a case where a donor dopant having excellent electron injecting property is used, prevents a change in light emitting efficiency caused by passage of time and gives high light emitting efficiency at low voltage. An organic light emitting device includes at least an emission layer, a first organic compound layer containing an aromatic compound which is free of a partial structure represented by the following general formula (1): where Ar represents a ring structure having a benzene ring, a second organic compound layer containing an aromatic compound which has the partial structure represented by the general formula (1), and an electron injection layer containing an organic compound forming a third organic compound layer and at least one of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal compound, and an alkaline earth metal compound.

Abstract: An organic light emitting apparatus comprising a substrate and a plurality of organic light emitting devices having different emission colors to each other formed on the substrate, each of the plurality of organic light emitting devices including a cathode, an electron injection layer which is in contact with the cathode, organic compound layers including a light emitting layer, and an optically-transparent anode, the electron injection layer including an organic compound and at least one of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal compound, and an alkaline earth metal compound. The electron injection layer has a thickness adjusted for each of the different emission colors so that each of the plurality of organic light emitting devices having the different emission colors enhances light emitted from the light emitting layer.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light-emitting device in which light extraction efficiency for the luminescent color of each of organic light-emitting elements can be improved without an increase in driving voltage and a reduction in emission efficiency. The organic light-emitting elements for respective luminescent colors are different from each other in thickness of an electron injection layer, and the concentration of a metal or a metal compound in an electron injection layer is adapted to increase as the thickness of the electron injection layer decreases.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes an electrophoretic display device having a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, each pixel including charged particles in a dispersion liquid and a pair of electrodes disposed close to the dispersion liquid, and a position of the charged particles in the pixel providing a gradation, and a drive circuit for outputting a gradation signal to each pixel. The gradation of each pixel is influenced by gradation signals of adjacent pixels through an electric field interference between pixels. In addition, a correction circuit corrects the gradation signal at each pixel to compensate for the influence from the gradation signals of the adjacent pixels.

Abstract: Display is effected by applying a DC voltage to electrodes to change distribution states of migration particles and by applying an AC voltage to electrodes to move the migration particles in a strong electric field created in a closed container depending on a relationship of different relative dielectric constants between the migration particles and a dispersion medium.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a first substrate provided with a plurality of closed containers, a fluid filled in the closed containers, a plurality of positively charged particles which have a relative dielectric constant different from the fluid and are dispersed and held in the fluid, a plurality of negatively charged particles which have a same color as the positively charged particles and a relative dielectric constant different from the fluid and are dispersed and held in the fluid, and a pair of electrodes for generating an electric field in the closed containers. The display apparatus displays an image formed by a positional distribution of positively and negatively charged particles in each of the closed containers.

Abstract: An organic light emitting apparatus comprising a substrate and a plurality of organic light emitting devices having different emission colors to each other formed on the substrate, each of the plurality of organic light emitting devices including a cathode, an electron injection layer which is in contact with the cathode, organic compound layers including a light emitting layer, and an optically-transparent anode, the electron injection layer including an organic compound and at least one of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal compound, and an alkaline earth metal compound. The electron injection layer has a thickness adjusted for each of the different emission colors so that each of the plurality of organic light emitting devices having the different emission colors enhances light emitted from the light emitting layer.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display device includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite each other, a dielectric liquid filled in a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate, a plurality of charged electrophoretic particles dispersed in the dielectric liquid, a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the first substrate to define a pixel, a partition wall disposed on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate between adjacent pixels to prevent migration of the charged electrophoretic particles between the adjacent pixels, and a third electrode disposed adjacent to the partition wall. The charged electrophoretic particles migrate at least between a surface of the first electrode and a surface of the second electrode, and between the surface of the first electrode and a side surface of the partition wall where the third electrode is disposed to thereby switch displays.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light-emitting device in which light extraction efficiency for the luminescent color of each of organic light-emitting elements can be improved without an increase in driving voltage and a reduction in emission efficiency. The organic light-emitting elements for respective luminescent colors are different from each other in thickness of an electron injection layer, and the concentration of a metal or a metal compound in an electron injection layer is adapted to increase as the thickness of the electron injection layer decreases.

Abstract: A distribution of migration particles 5 and 6 dispersed in a closed space formed by first substrate 1 and a second substrate 2 is changed by a display electrode 7 to effect display. The migration particles 5 and 6 are migration particles of two types having different charge polarities and a substantially identical color. To the display electrode 7, a display voltage of a predetermined polarity and a display voltage of a polarity opposite to the predetermined polarity of the display voltage are alternately applied. Stable display can be effected by removing a DC component from an applied voltage.

Abstract: In a display apparatus using charged electrophoretic particles, being controlled by an electric field at the pixels, in some cases the charged particles fail to display a desired gradation level even when a voltage is applied to the pixel with the intention of providing the desired gradation level. In such cases, correction values for all the gradation levels are obtained in advance by experiment, and then a corrected voltage is applied to the pixel, whereby it is possible to provide a desired gradation by compensating an influence of an electric field at adjacent pixels.

Abstract: A display device which comprises charged particles located on a substrate and a device of moving the charged particles parallel to the substrate, and whose display states to be recognized visually from above the substrate are determined by positions of the charged particles within the substrate, wherein the substrate contains a fluorescent material or a luminous material.

Abstract: Display is effected by applying a DC voltage to electrodes 4 and 5 to change distribution states of migration particles 3a and 3b and by applying an AC voltage to electrodes 4 and 5 to move the migration particles 3a and 3b in a strong electric field created in a closed container depending on a relationship of different relative dielectric constants between the migration particles 3a and 3b and a dispersion medium 2. A plurality of display states is switchable without increasing the number of electrodes.

Abstract: An electrophotographic display includes a plurality of microcapsules each encapsulating therein an insulating liquid and a plurality of charged electrophoretic particles dispersed in the insulating liquid, a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to each other so as to sandwich the plurality of microcapsules, and a plurality of electrodes capable of being supplied with a voltage. A voltage is applied between the plurality of electrodes to move the charged electrophoretic particles between a first internal wall portion of each microcapsule an external surface of which contacts the first substrate and a second internal wall portion of each microcapsule an external surface of which is substantially out of contact with both the first and second substrate, thereby to switch a display state.

Abstract: A display device which comprises charged particles located on a substrate and a device of moving the charged particles parallel to the substrate, and whose display states to be recognized visually from above the substrate are determined by positions of the charged particles within the substrate, wherein the substrate contains a fluorescent material or a luminous material.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display unit has a first substrate and a second substrate counterposed with an interspace, an insulating liquid placed in the interspace, and colored charged electrophoretic particles dispersed in the insulating liquid. A stage is formed in the interspace on the second substrate, with the stage having a first surface facing a thick layer portion of the insulating liquid, a second surface facing a thin layer portion of the insulating liquid, and a side wall surface of the stage connecting the first surface and the second surface. A first display electrode is placed along the first surface, a second display electrode is placed along the second electrode, and a third electrode is placed under the second electrode. An end portion of the third portion is proximate to the side wall surface at a substantially constant distance from the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: An electrophotographic display includes a plurality of microcapsules each encapsulating therein an insulating liquid and a plurality of charged electrophoretic particles dispersed in the insulating liquid, a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to each other so as to sandwich the plurality of microcapsules, and a plurality of electrodes capable of being supplied with a voltage. A voltage is applied between the plurality of electrodes to move the charged electrophoretic particles between a first internal wall portion of each microcapsule an external surface of which contacts the first substrate and a second internal wall portion of each microcapsule an external surface of which is substantially out of contact with both the first and second substrate, thereby to switch a display state.