Abstract: An optical system according to an embodiment of the present invention may comprise: a first lens having positive (+) refractive power, a second lens; and a third lens having a negative (+) refractive power, wherein: the first to third lenses are successively arranged from an object side to an image side; the first to third lenses are made of a plastic material; and the center thickness of each of the first to third lenses in the optical axis direction is greater than 0.9 mm.

Abstract: A display panel and a display apparatus including the display panel are presented herein. A display panel according to one or more embodiments includes a substrate; an insulating layer on the substrate; a bank pattern on the insulating layer; a first electrode on the bank pattern; a contact electrode on the insulating layer, the contact electrode spaced apart from the bank pattern; a light-emitting element on the first electrode; a first optical layer surrounding the light-emitting element, the first optical layer comprising an organic insulating material including metal particles; a second optical layer on the contact electrode; and a third optical layer on the first optical layer.

Abstract: Proposed is a double-layer separator composed of polypropylene (PP) and cellulose acetate (CA), wherein a PP film is coated with a CA mixed solution containing a plasticizer, thus forming pores in a CA film through water pressure treatment. When the separator is applied as a separator for a battery, the thermal stability and mechanical stability of the separator enable a battery having thermal stability and long-term usability to be implemented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a microbial fuel cell using an electron absorber having high reduction potential, and a method of generating electric energy using same, and more specifically, to: a microbial fuel cell in which an electron absorber solution having high reduction potential is used as a reduction electrolyte, an organic solution that is an electron donor is used as an oxidization electrolyte, the reduced reduction electrolyte is regenerated through electrolysis in an electrolysis battery and re-supplied to the reduction electrolyte, a separation membrane provided with one or more O-rings in order to prevent leakage is included, hydrogen gas generated from the electrolysis can be supplied to a fuel cell to generate additional electric energy, such that a large quantity of electric power can be generated cost-efficiently, energy from an existing electricity generation system, such as solar electric energy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a microbial fuel cell using an electron absorber having high reduction potential, and a method of generating electric energy using same, and more specifically, to: a microbial fuel cell in which an electron absorber solution having high reduction potential is used as a reduction electrolyte, an organic solution that is an electron donor is used as an oxidization electrolyte, the reduced reduction electrolyte is regenerated through electrolysis in an electrolysis battery and re-supplied to the reduction electrolyte, a separation membrane provided with one or more O-rings in order to prevent leakage is included, hydrogen gas generated from the electrolysis can be supplied to a fuel cell to generate additional electric energy, such that a large quantity of electric power can be generated cost-efficiently, energy from an existing electricity generation system, such as solar electric energy.

Abstract: A method of preparing patterned colloidal crystals includes filling a monomer solution in the interstices between particles of planar colloidal crystals for photopolymerization inside them, and performing a selective photopolymerization process between the colloidal crystals using a mask. In one exemplary method, a first monomer solution for photopolymerization is filled inside planar colloidal crystals. A first selective photopolymerization process is performed inside the colloidal crystals using a mask. A second monomer solution for photopolymerization is filled into the firstly patterned colloidal crystals. At least one additional photopolymerization process is performed inside the firstly patterned colloidal crystals using an additional mask. Through this method, colloidal crystalline regions oriented in the same direction with different refractive indexes can be controlled in a level of ?m. Further, repeated patterns can be inexpensively and easily prepared.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing patterned colloidal crystals, including filling a monomer solution in the interstices between particles of planar colloidal crystals for photopolymerization inside them, and performing a selective photopolymerization process between the colloidal crystals using a mask. Alternatively, a method of preparing patterned colloidal crystals, including filling a first monomer solution for photopolymerization inside planar colloidal crystals, performing a first selective photopolymerization process inside the colloidal crystals using a mask, and filling a second monomer solution for photopolymerization into firstly patterned colloidal crystals, followed by performing at least one photopolymerization process inside the firstly patterned colloidal crystals using an additional mask. By the above method, colloidal crystalline regions oriented in the same direction with different refractive indexes can be controlled in a level of &mgr;m.