Abstract: An absorption type continuous neutral density filter controls an intensity distribution of a light beam from a laser to provide the intensity distribution of the light beam desired by an user. In the filter, the intensity distribution of the light beam is controlled by adjusting absorption of the light beam by the varying thickness of medium of the filter. This control of the distribution of the light intensity is accomplished by predefining the variance of thickness of the filter to a form required by the user. As a result, the continuous neutral density filter can be easily fabricated.

Abstract: A multi-view image display system provides a plurality of multi-view three-dimensional (3-D) images, using the mask type of image arrangement plate where the images grouped by corresponding pixels are arranged in a same order as that of the pixels. Each pixel cell is provided with an image display region which is divided into a plurality of subcells arranged depending on arrangement structure of the viewing zones, and each of the subcells transmits or reflects the lights from point light sources using its whole area, thereby allowing the transmitted or reflected lights to be collected in each of the viewing zones to form each of the view images.

Abstract: One embodiment of a back lighting apparatus of a liquid crystal display apparatus includes a light source for generating light, a plurality of optical fibers having both ends optically connected with the light source and a part of the optical fibers attached to the back surface of the liquid crystal display panel. Each optical fiber has one or more diffusion lines for scattering light from the light source to a pixel line of the liquid crystal display panel, thereby lighting the entire portion of the back surface of the liquid crystal display panel. The apparatus has a support plate for fixing the optical fibers to the back surface of the liquid crystal display panel, and an optical diffusing unit for optically connecting the light source to the optical fibers. The present invention can improve the resolution of a liquid crystal display apparatus and allow implementation of a 3D image.

Abstract: A multiview three-dimensional image display system comprises an image projection screen, two image generation components, a bifold mirror, an spatial light modulator, and projection optics. Each of the image generation components generates successive finite time sequences of time-multiplexed multiview images and thus form a channel of multiview images. Each of the reflecting surfaces of the bifold mirror reflects a different one of the two channels of multiview images. The spatial light modulator comprises a plurality of strip-like shutters, each of which transmits a different one of the finite time sequences of time-multiplexed multiview images. The projection optics projects the images through the spatial light modulator onto the image projection screen, where the spatial light modulator is imaged to make a single viewing zone.

Abstract: An apparatus for simultaneously measuring in real time for a reflection-type holographic optical element the wavelength of maximum diffraction efficiency, the angular and spectral selectivities, and the direction of the grating vector by analyzing the characteristics of the intensity distribution of the transmitted beam. A diverging or diffusive beam having an angle of divergence greater than the incident angle satisfying the Bragg condition of the holographic optical element under measurement. The apparatus comprises a multi-wavelength oscillation laser beam source, a beam diffuser, a objective lens, and an image projection screen.

Abstract: An integrated circuit memory device includes a memory access circuit operative to generate an address. A redundant memory is responsive to the memory access circuit and has a plurality of memory locations, the redundant memory providing access to one of a first memory location and a second memory location responsive to an address generated by the memory access circuit and to a redundancy control signal. A self-testing redundancy control circuit is responsive to the memory access circuit and to the redundant memory and operative to apply a redundancy control signal to the redundant memory in response to a comparison of test data stored in a target memory location of the redundant memory with data retrieved from the target memory location. Related operating methods are also discussed.

Abstract: An error correction method and apparatus for correcting multiple errors in received digital data word signals calculates syndromes S.sub.0, S.sub.1, S.sub.2 and S.sub.3 from a block of n received data words and a parity check matrix H. First coefficients .sigma..sub.1 and .sigma..sub.2 are calculated from the derived syndromes and a second coefficient K is calculated from the first coefficients .sigma..sub.1 and .sigma..sub.2. An error location value x.sub.1 is calculated from the second coefficient K, actual error location values X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are calculated from the value x.sub.1, and error values Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are calculated from the actual error location values X.sub.1 and X.sub.2. The received data words are then corrected by applying the calculated error values Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2. The error location value x.sub.1 calculator is preferably constituted by logic gates which enable the apparatus to be smaller and faster than those using a conventional ROM table.