Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a new approach for workload balancing in a system. A computer-implemented method comprises obtaining a configuration of a system, wherein the configuration includes a connection relationship between components in the system. The method further comprises determining a workload threshold of a given component in the components based on the configuration, wherein a workload threshold of an upstream component of the given component is associated with a workload limit of the upstream component and a workload limit of the given component. The method further comprises determining a utilization rate of the given component based at least partially on a workload amount of the given component, the workload threshold of the given component, and the workload threshold of the upstream component.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to catalysts for mediating oxygen reduction reactions, such as the conversion of oxygen to at least one of H2O, H2O2, O2?, OH?, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of utilizing the catalysts to mediate oxygen reduction reactions. In some embodiments, the catalyst includes a carbon source and a dopant associated with the carbon source. In some embodiments, the catalyst has a three-dimensional structure, a density ranging from about 1 mg/cm3 to about 10 mg/cm3, and a surface area ranging from about 100 m2/g to about 1,000 m2/g. In some embodiments, the carbon source includes graphene nanoribbons, and the dopant includes boron-nitrogen heteroatoms. In some embodiments, the dopant is covalently associated with the edges of the carbon source. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of making the aforementioned catalysts.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of making three-dimensional graphene compositions. In some embodiments, the methods comprise: (1) associating a graphene oxide with a metal source to form a mixture; and (2) reducing the mixture. In some embodiments, the method results in formation of a three-dimensional graphene composition that includes: (a) a reduced metal derived from the metal source; and (b) a graphene derived from the graphene oxide, where the graphene is associated with the reduced metal. In some embodiments, the metal source is (NH4)2MoS4, and the reduced metal is MoS2. In some embodiments, the metal source is V2O5, and the reduced metal is VO2. Further embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to the formed three-dimensional graphene compositions and their use as electrode materials in energy storage devices.