Abstract: The integrated circuit device includes a substrate, a first fin extending in a first horizontal direction on the substrate, a second fin and a third fin spaced apart from each other in the first horizontal direction and extending in the first horizontal direction, a second source/drain area on the second fin and the third fin, a back side contact between the second fin and the third fin and electrically connected to the second source/drain area, and a back side conductive layer extending in the first horizontal direction and electrically connected to the back side contact. The back side contact includes a first portion protruding from the substrate and a second portion that is coplanar, in a vertical direction, with the substrate. A width of the second portion in the second horizontal direction is greater than a width of the first portion in the second horizontal direction.

Abstract: An ultrafast camera system includes a sensor head that injects an optical pulse train input from a pulsed laser onto a surface of a measurement target and outputs an optical signal reflected from the surface, and a timing detector that receives the optical signal whose time-of-flight is changed after passing through the sensor head and outputs an electrical signal corresponding to a timing error between the optical signal and a reference signal. Another ultrafast camera system includes a wavelength dispersion device to disperse an optical pulse train of a pulsed laser into a wavelength spectrum, a lens that vertically injects continuous wavelength signals dispersed into the wavelength spectrum onto a measurement line, and a timing detector that receives an optical signal including the continuous wavelength signals reflected from the measurement line, and outputs a timing error between the reference signal and the continuous wavelength signals as a signal intensity.

Abstract: A sensing system is provided. The sensing system includes an electrical pulse generator that receives first optical pulses output from a pulsed laser, through a first path, and photo-electrically converts the first optical pulses to generate an electrical pulses; and an optical phase detector that receives second optical pulses output from the pulsed laser, through a second path, and outputs an electrical signal that corresponds to a phase error between the electrical pulses and the second optical pulses based on electro-optic sampling.

Abstract: A multi-channel sensing system is disclosed. The multi-channel sensing system includes a multi-channel sensor connector that wavelength-divides an optical pulse output from a pulsed laser into a plurality of channels in a spectrum domain, transmits each of a plurality of optical sub-pulses generated from the wavelength division to a channel path allocated for each channel in multi-channel paths, multiplexes the plurality of optical sub-pulses passed through the multi-channel paths and outputs an optical signal including the multiplexed optical sub-pulses; and a multi-channel optical phase detector that receives the optical signal output from the multi-channel connector and a reference signal which is synchronized to the pulse laser, and detects a channel-specific electrical signal that corresponds to a timing error between each of the plurality of optical sub-pulses included in the optical signal and the reference signal. At lease one of sensors is connected to at least one of the multi-channel paths.

Abstract: An ultrafast camera system includes a sensor head that injects an optical pulse train input from a pulsed laser onto a surface of a measurement target and outputs an optical signal reflected from the surface, and a timing detector that receives the optical signal whose time-of-flight is changed after passing through the sensor head and outputs an electrical signal corresponding to a timing error between the optical signal and a reference signal. Another ultrafast camera system includes a wavelength dispersion device to disperse an optical pulse train of a pulsed laser into a wavelength spectrum, a lens that vertically injects continuous wavelength signals dispersed into the wavelength spectrum onto a measurement line, and a timing detector that receives an optical signal including the continuous wavelength signals reflected from the measurement line, and outputs a timing error between the reference signal and the continuous wavelength signals as a signal intensity.

Abstract: A low-jitter digital clock signal generating system which uses optical pulses output from a pulse laser includes a first balanced photodetector that converts first and second optical pulses with a delayed time interval into first and second electrical pulses through first and second photodiodes and outputs first and second modulated pulses generated by allowing the first and second electrical pulses to partially overlap each other, a second balanced photodetector that converts third and fourth optical pulses with the delayed time interval into third and fourth electrical pulses through third and fourth photodiodes, and outputs a second modulated pulse generated by allowing the third and fourth electrical pulses to partially overlap each other, and a capacitor. The capacitor is charged by the first modulated pulse, is discharged by the second modulated pulse, and outputs a voltage according to the charging and discharging as a clock signal.

Abstract: A low-jitter digital clock signal generating system which uses optical pulses output from a pulse laser includes a first balanced photodetector that converts first and second optical pulses with a delayed time interval into first and second electrical pulses through first and second photodiodes and outputs first and second modulated pulses generated by allowing the first and second electrical pulses to partially overlap each other, a second balanced photodetector that converts third and fourth optical pulses with the delayed time interval into third and fourth electrical pulses through third and fourth photodiodes, and outputs a second modulated pulse generated by allowing the third and fourth electrical pulses to partially overlap each other, and a capacitor. The capacitor is charged by the first modulated pulse, is discharged by the second modulated pulse, and outputs a voltage according to the charging and discharging as a clock signal.

Abstract: A sensing system is provided. The sensing system includes an electrical pulse generator that receives first optical pulses output from a pulsed laser, through a first path, and photo-electrically converts the first optical pulses to generate an electrical pulses; and an optical phase detector that receives second optical pulses output from the pulsed laser, through a second path, and outputs an electrical signal that corresponds to a phase error between the electrical pulses and the second optical pulses based on electro-optic sampling.

Abstract: A multi-channel sensing system is disclosed. The multi-channel sensing system includes a multi-channel sensor connector that wavelength-divides an optical pulse output from a pulsed laser into a plurality of channels in a spectrum domain, transmits each of a plurality of optical sub-pulses generated from the wavelength division to a channel path allocated for each channel in multi-channel paths, multiplexes the plurality of optical sub-pulses passed through the multi-channel paths and outputs an optical signal including the multiplexed optical sub-pulses; and a multi-channel optical phase detector that receives the optical signal output from the multi-channel connector and a reference signal which is synchronized to the pulse laser, and detects a channel-specific electrical signal that corresponds to a timing error between each of the plurality of optical sub-pulses included in the optical signal and the reference signal. At lease one of sensors is connected to at least one of the multi-channel paths.