Abstract: The invention relates to an optical imaging system and method based on spatial structure engineering of random light. The method includes performing scattering processing on transmitted light to obtain a to-be-measured light; splitting polarization of the to-be-measured light, wherein one light is split into x-polarized and y-polarized beams, and the other one is firstly combined with a reference beam and then split into x-polarized and y-polarized beams; measuring the intensity distributions of x-polarized and y-polarized parts of the to-be-measured light, the combined light, and the reference light; obtaining a real part and an imaginary part of the cross spectral density of the to-be-measured light, retrieving the intensity distribution of the light on the scattering medium and calculating the intensity to obtain the shape and location of the object to be measured.