Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for media data transmission. A method for media data transmission is proposed. The method comprises: transmitting, at a first device and to a second device, a request for at least one media data file, the request comprising a first indication indicating that a plurality of media data files are to be transmitted in a single message; and receiving the plurality of media data files in the single message from the second device. Thereby, the initialization delay can be advantageously reduced.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for video streaming. A method for retrieving media data comprises: determining, by a first device, identity information for a target segment of a media representation from a manifest file, the target segment being specified as comprising one of the following: a concatenation of an initialization segment for the media representation and a media segment containing media data if the initialization segment is absent from the manifest file, or the media segment containing the media data if the initialization segment is present in the manifest file; and retrieving the target segment based on the identity information.

Abstract: A method for processing media data includes identifying in a media presentation description (MPD) an indication of a Tuning-In Media Segment. The Tuning-In Media Segment comprises a latest media data for a client device to start with when tuning into an ongoing live streaming service. The latest media data is selected from either a current media segment that is being generated by the ongoing live streaming service or a previous media segment generated by the ongoing live streaming service based on a length of the current media segment. The MPD is stored by the client device prior to the client device tuning into the ongoing live streaming service. The method further includes performing a conversion between a visual media data and a bitstream according to the MPD.

Abstract: This invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for high-throughput, reproducible and inexpensive detection of virus infection using multiplexing technologies such as slide-based, microtiter plate-based and membrane-based microarrays and beads technologies. The apparatus and methods allow simultaneous detection of multiple viral infections in a plurality of test samples.

Abstract: This invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for high-throughput, reproducible and inexpensive detection of virus infection using multiplexing technologies such as slide-based, microtiter plate-based and membrane-based microarrays and beads technologies. The apparatus and methods allow simultaneous detection of multiple viral infections in a plurality of test samples.