Abstract: This invention specifies how control information is inserted in the flow of data units on a channel between two common time reference (CTR) driven switches in order to delineate time frames, sub-time frames, and time cycles. The delineation enables the receiver to unambiguously associate the received data units with time frame, sub-time frame, and time cycles. The invention further introduces a method for counting data units in order to, among other things, detect the end of a time frame, the end of a time cycle, and the position and value of other control information.

Abstract: A time frame switching method and system of data units that utilize a time frame labels and a common time reference (CTR), which is divided into a plurality of contiguous periodic time frames. The system is designed to operate with high-speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) links. The plurality of data units that are contained in each of the time frames are forwarded in a pipelined manner through the network switches, and can be switched from any incoming WDM channel to any subset of outgoing WDM channels responsive to the time frame labels and the common time reference. The combination of time frame labels and CTR can be further used for protection when a failure occurs.

Abstract: A system comprised of a plurality of switches and time reference signals are provided for managing data transfer of data units during a time interval, comprised of a plurality of predefined time frames. During operation a plurality of sources as a Local Time Reference (LTR) signal that collectively constitute the equivalent of a common time reference (CTR) signal. The time reference signals are coupled to each of the switches, such that there is predefined time frames for transfer into and out from each of the respective switches responsive to the time reference signals.

Abstract: A time frame switching method and system of data units that utilize a global common time reference, which is divided into a plurality of contiguous periodic time frames. The system is designed to operate with high-speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) links, i.e., with multiple lambdas. The plurality of data units that are contained in each of the time frames are forwarded in a pipelined manner through the network switches, wherein at every stage of the pipeline is tuned to a new wavelength by using a tunable laser. Furthermore, the incoming wavelength of a time frame determines to which output port the data units in this time frame will be switched, while the new wavelength determines to which output the data units in this time frame will be switched in the next switch on the route. The outcome of this switching method is called tunable laser based fractional lambda switching.

Abstract: This invention describes a method for transmitting and forwarding packets over a switching network using time information. The network switches maintain a common time reference, which is obtained either from an external source (such as GPS—Global Positioning System) or is generated and distributed internally. The time intervals are arranged in simple periodicity and complex periodicity (like seconds and minutes of a clock). A data packet that arrives to an input port is switched to an output port based on its order or time position in the time interval in which it arrives at the switch. The time interval duration can be longer than the time duration required for transmitting a data packet, in which case the exact position of a data packet in its forwarding time interval is predetermined. This invention provides congestion-free data packet switching for data packets for which capacity in their corresponding forwarding links and time intervals is reserved in advance.

Abstract: The objective of this invention is to provide continuous remote authenticated operations for ensuring proper content processing and management in remote untrusted computing environment. The method is based on using a program that was hidden within the content protection program at the remote untrusted computing environment, e.g., an end station. The hidden program can be updated dynamically and it includes an inseparable and interlocked functionality for generating a pseudo random sequence of security signals. Only the media server that sends the content knows how the pseudo-random sequence of security signals were generated; therefore, the media server is able to check the validity of the security signals, and thereby, verify the authenticity of the programs used to process content at the remote untrusted computing environment. If the verification operation fails, the media server will stop the transmission of content to the remote untrusted computing environment.

Abstract: Methods and systems for constructing multi-sector antenna for packet-by-packet transmission. The transmission of each packet can be performed by a different antenna sector. The system can consist of a plurality of various antenna types: flat panel, parabolic dish, slotted, omni, planar, micro-strip, Yagi, beam-forming, adaptive, and electro-mechanical moveable. The direction of transmission is selected responsive to the direction in which the best signal reception was received. Switching logic is coupling the out going transmission signal to selected ones from the plurality of the antenna sectors. The antenna design in this invention is aimed at increasing the gain and minimizing the interfering signals with respect large number of users who are concurrently and continuously tracking and communicating with their access points, and consequently, increasing the bit rate of each transmission and the aggregate capacity of the wireless system.

Abstract: Methods and systems for packet-by-packet directional mobile wireless transmission utilizing plurality of directional antenna sectors, such that, the transmission of each packet is performed by at least one selected antenna sector. The direction of transmission is selected responsive to the direction in which the best electromagnetic signal reception was received. For each plurality of data packets, the transmission direction is selected again. Switching logic is coupling the out going transmission signal to selected ones from the plurality of the antennas responsive to the motion of the mobile user. The antenna design in this invention is aimed at increasing the gain and minimizing the interfering signals with respect large number of mobile users who are concurrently and continuously tracking and communicating with their access points, and consequently, increasing the bit rate of each transmission and the aggregate capacity of the wireless system.

Abstract: A switching method is designed to operate with very high-speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) links, i.e., with multiple lambdas. The switching and data packet forwarding method combines the advantages of both synchronous and asynchronous data packet switching modes. In the synchronous switching mode, a time frame switching method based on predefined switching schedules that are responsive to a global common time reference, where the global common time reference is divided into a plurality of contiguous periodic super cycles, time cycles and time frames. The plurality of data packets contained in each of the time frames can be switched from any incoming WDM channel to any subset of outgoing WDM channels. The outcome of this switching method is called fractional lambda switching. For the asynchronous switching mode data packets that do not need guaranteed performance are separated from flows of data packets that require a deterministic service.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for transmitting data packets over a packet switching network with widely varying link speeds. The switches of the network maintain a common time reference (CTR). Each switch along a route from a source to a destination forwards data packets in periodic time frames (TFs) of a plurality of durations that are predefined using the CTR. The time frame duration can be longer than the time duration required for transmitting a data packet, in which case the exact position of a packet in the time interval is not predetermined. In accordance with the present invention, different time frame intervals: TF1, TF2, and so on are used for forwarding over links with different capacities. Employing different time frame intervals is useful in heterogeneous networks with widely varying link speeds, since the number of bytes that can be transmitted during one time frame of one of, for example, 500/125/62.5/12.

Abstract: An input buffer switch scheduling method operates responsively to a global common time reference. The global time reference is used to enable pre-computed switching schedules from an input port to an output port, thereby, expediting switching and increasing the performance and scalability of the switching system. In the switch architecture disclosed in this invention the switching fabric operates according to predefined switching schedules. The switch decodes the data packet headers in order to determine the destination output port and the switching time responsive to the global common time reference. This decoded switching time is then used by the pre-defined switching schedules in order to switch the data packet from the input port to the output port. The usage of predefined switching schedules provides scalability to the design of high performance input buffer switch design.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for transmitting and forwarding data packets over a packet switching and shared media networks. The switches of the network maintain a common time reference (CTR), which is obtained either from an external source (such as GPS—Global Positioning System) or is generated and distributed internally. The time intervals are arranged in simple periodicity and complex periodicity (like seconds and minutes of a clock). The present invention provides for synchronous switches to be accessed by end-stations that are located on a shared media network. The shared media network can be of various types, including but not limited to: IEEE P1394 and Ethernet for desktop computers and room area networks, cable modem head-end (e.g., DOCSIS, IEEE 802.14), wireless base-station (e.g., IEEE 802.11), and Storage Area Network (SAN) (e.g., FC-AL, SSA).

Abstract: A time frame switching method and system of data units that utilize a global common time reference, which is divided into a plurality of contiguous periodic time frames. The system is designed to operate with high-speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) links, i.e., with multiple lambdas. The plurality of data units that are contained in each of the time frames are forwarded in a pipelined manner through the network switches, and can be switched from any incoming WDM channel to any subset of outgoing WDM channels responsive to the global common time reference. The outcome of this switching method is called fractional lambda switching.

Abstract: The input buffer switch scheduling method in this invention is tailored to operate responsively with respect to a global common time reference, such that the switching delay from input to output is deterministic. Consequently, such a switch can be employed in the construction of very high speed virtual leased lines (VLLs). Such VLLs can carry real-time traffic over packet switching networks while guaranteeing end-to-end performance. The switching and data packet forwarding method combines the advantages of both circuit and packet switching. According to the invention, timing information is not used for routing, and therefore, in the Internet, for example, the routing is done using IP addresses or an MPLS tag/label. Also, according to this invention, the switch memory access bandwidth is independent of the number of switching input/output ports.

Abstract: This invention describes a system and a method for realizing an adjustable optical delay system that is based on using an optical switch. The outputs of the optical switch are connected to its inputs with optical fiber with predefined lengths: d1, d2, . . . , dj, . . . , dN, then changing the optical switch configuration forms an optical delay line with an optical fiber length that is the concatenation of any subset of the optical fibers with predefined lengths.

Abstract: A switching method operates with very high-speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) links, i.e., with multiple lambdas. An efficient time frame switching method is based on pre-defined switching schedules that are responsive to a global common time reference, where the global common time reference is divided into a plurality of contiguous periodic time frames. The plurality of data packets contained in each of the time frames can be switched from any incoming WDM channel to any subset of outgoing WDM channels. The outcome of this switching method is called fractional lambda switching.

Abstract: The objective of this invention is to ensure that programs that generate and send data packets are well behaved. This invention discloses a method and system that consist of an end station and a network interface, such that, the network interface is capable of determining the authenticity of the program used by the end station to generate and send data packets. The method is based on using a hidden program that was obfuscated within the program that is used to generate and send data packets from the end station. The hidden program is being updated dynamically and it includes the functionality for generating a pseudo random sequence of security signals. Only the network interface knows how the pseudo random sequence of security signals were generated, and therefore, the network interface is able to check the validity of the pseudo random sequence of security signals, and thereby, verify the authenticity of the programs used to generate and send data packets.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for timely forwarding, discarding, and delivering data packets over the network and to their destination nodes and the optimization of data transfer throughput through the network. The timely forwarding and discarding are possible thanks to the standard global common time reference (CTR) that is known as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). UTC is available from GPS (Global Positioning System), Galileo, and GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System). Data transfer throughput optimization is pursued by taking advantage of the timely forwarding and discarding properties to improve the data packets transfer flow control mechanisms, such as the sliding window re-sizing algorithm implemented by the widely deployed Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Abstract: This invention discloses a method and system for processing logic modules, each having a separate functionality, into a unique functionality that is to be executed in an interlocked mode as a unique functionality. The method is based on taking logic modules (programs and data) with known functionality and transforming them into a hidden program by integrating modules to execute together into a logic which is partially obfuscated and/or encrypted and/or physically hidden. The hidden program is being updated dynamically to strengthen it against reverse engineering efforts. The program includes the functionality for generating security signals, which are unpredictable by observers, such as a pseudo random sequence of security signals. Only elements that share the means for producing the security signals can check their validity. The modules include operational tasks and performance parameters for this operation.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method that provides the network interface with the capability to determine the authenticity of programs used to generate and send data packets, thereby ensuring that users who send data packets are well behaved. The method is based on using a hidden program that was obfuscated into the program used for generating and sending data packets. More specifically, the hidden program generates a pseudo random sequence of security signals that are included in the sequence of data packets that are sent from the user to the network interface. Only the network interface knows how the pseudo random sequence of security signals was generated, and therefore, the network interface is able to check the validity of the pseudo random sequence of security signals, and thereby verify the authenticity of the programs used to generate and send data packets.