Abstract: A cellular conductive roller has closed cells and open cells with conductive powder filling the open cells of the cellular conductive roller. A method for making a cellular conductive roller includes filling the open cells in the cellular conductive roller with conductive powder, adhering a tacky sheet to the surface of said cellular conductive roller; then peeling said tacky sheet off the surface of said cellular conductive roller. Also disclosed is an electrophotographic device using the cellular conductive roller and a process cartridge into which the cellular conductive roller is integrated.

Abstract: A charging member supplied with a voltage to charge a charge-receiving member such as an electrophotographic photosensitive member has an elastic layer of an ethylene-propylene copolymer containing a diene component. The ethylene-propylene copolymer has an iodine value of 23-32. The charging member is improved in resistance to permanent deformation while providing excellent images for a long period.

Abstract: A white electroconductive coating composition includes a white pigment having a whiteness of at least 60, a white conductive material having a whiteness of at least 50 and a volume resistivity of at most 1.times.10.sup.10 ohm.cm. The coating composition is suitable to provide a a coating film showing a whiteness of at least 60 and a surface resistivity of at most 1.times.10.sup.11 ohm/cm.sup.2. Such a white conductive layer may be formed on a back side of a surface insulating film of a transfer material carrying member of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus to provide a reference white pattern for detecting a density of a toner image formed on the carrying member, thereby allowing controlled image formation based on the detected density data.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a charging member which is energized to charge a chargeable member by contact-electrification and which comprises a conductive elastic layer having a surface layer containing a polymer having a main chain containing a structural unit of the following formula:--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --O--CO--wherein n is an integer of from 4 to 10.With stable charging properties, the charging member of the present invention has relatively uniform surface resistance, little dependency on the environmental conditions, and decreased contamination of photosensitive bodies and the like.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to an elastic member and a charging roller for electrophotography which are provided with an electrical semi-conductive elastic layer on a conductive body with an adhesive layer arranged between them. The adhesive layer contains carbon black and graphite at a total content of 20 to 80 phr as conductive fillers and also contains a thermoplastic elastomer as a binder. Disclosed is an electrophotographic device having an elastic member and an electrophotographic photosensitive body.

Abstract: A charging member suitable for charging, e.g., a photosensitive member for electrophotography, is provided with improve surface-properties. The charging member is surface with a resin formed by plasticizing a rigid polymer with a plasticizing polymer chemically bonded to the rigid polymer.

Abstract: An artificial soil structure includes at least one hydrophobic layer of hydrophobic particles provided in a soil. A particle size of the hydrophobic particles can be 2000 micrometers and less. The hydrophobic particles are sand and/or dirt treated with a water-repellent agent or hydrophobic particles having a high molecular weight polymer. An artificial water-retentive soil structure includes a soil block containing a water-retentive agent and a hydrophobic layer of hydrophobic particles provided on the soil block. A method of preventing land desertification includes the steps of placing a hydrophobic layer of hydrophobic particles in a soil at a prescribed depth from the earth surface and controlling the water content in said soil.

Abstract: An artificial soil structure includes at least one hydrophobic layer of hydrophobic particles provided in a soil. A particle size of the hydrophobic particles can be 2000 micrometers and less. The hydrophobic particles are sand and/or dirt treated with a water-repellent agent or hydrophobic particles having a high molecular weight polymer. An artificial water-retentive soil structure includes a soil block containing a water-retentive agent and a hydrophobic layer of hydrophobic particles provided on the soil block. A method of preventing land desertification includes the steps of placing a hydrophobic layer of hydrophobic particles in a soil at a prescribed depth from the earth surface and controlling the water content in said soil.

Abstract: There is disclosed a polishing apparatus utilizing a gel material as the polishing tool, in which the gel material is rotated in the vicinity of a surface to be polished, or is given rotating and rocking motions in direct contact with the surface to be polished.

Abstract: A holding device for use in assembling mechanical members comprises a joint head having a spherical head and a fastener formed continuous with the spherical head; and a clip having a joint cavity member formed of an elastic material, the joint cavity member having a groove portion having a cross-section corresponding in shape to an external shape of the spherical head, and receiving lip portions formed continuous with the groove portion, the receiving lip portions spreading outward, and a fastener formed continuous with the joint cavity member. The spherical head of the joint can be fitted in the groove portion to be held therein, whereby a member which is fastened to the fastener of the joint head and a member which is fastened to the fastener of the clip can be preliminarily held to each other. The invention provides the preliminarily-holding device for use in assembling mechanical members, which is capable of causing a part (e.g.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member; an image forming device for forming an image on the image bearing member; a transfer device for transferring an image from the image bearing member to a transfer material at a transfer position, wherein the transfer device is contactable to a backside of the transfer material at the transfer position and includes a charging member including a double oxide and a voltage source for applying a voltage to the charging member, and wherein the voltage source constant-voltage-controls the charging member when an image region of the image bearing member is at the transfer position, and constant-current-controls the charging member in at least a part of a period when the image region of the image bearing member is not at the transfer position, wherein a constant voltage for the constant voltage control is determined on the basis of the constant current control.

Abstract: There is disclosed a polishing apparatus utilizing a gel material as the polishing tool, in which the gel material is rotated in the vicinity of a surface to be polished, or is given rotating and rocking motions in direct contact with the surface to be polished.

Abstract: There is disclosed a polishing apparatus utilizing a gel material as the polishing tool, in which the gel material is rotated in the vicinity of a surface to be polished, or is given rotating and rocking motions in direct contact with the surface to be polished.

Abstract: A system for controlling a lift truck apparatus with a clamp, the angle of which is set by a rotator, is disclosed. The rotator is provided with an angle sensor for detecting its rotational angle position, and the clamp is provided with a clamp pressure sensor for detecting the clamp pressure. A plurality of selection switches operable in an auto mode are provided on an operation panel for rotator control and clamp control. These selection switches designate memory areas of angle memory means and pressure memory means. By selectively operating the selection switches, corresponding angle data and pressure data are read out from the angle and pressure memory means. A clamp operation of the clamp is executed according to pressure data read out according to operation of an operation lever. Also according to the operation of the operation lever angle data is read out to control the rotator so as to control the angle of the clamp.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel method for controlling various kinds of pests harmful against sanitation and agriculture by applying an organosilicon compound, never used hitherto for such a purpose, to the body of the pest or distributing the compound over the site or field infested therewith. The organosilicon compound which is an organosilane or organopolysiloxane compound, is characterized by at least one (poly)oxyalkylene group bonded to the silicon atom in a molecule and advantageously has no toxicity against human body.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel method for controlling various kinds of pests harmful against sanitation and agriculture by applying an organosilicon compound, never used hitherto for such a purpose, to the body of the pest or distributing the organosilicon compound over the site or field infested therewith. The organosilicon compound is a cyclic organopolysiloxane compound represented by the general formula ##STR1## in which each of the groups R is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group independently from the others, at least one of the groups denoted by R in a molecule being a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and n is an integer in the range from 3 to 7.

Abstract: The organosilicon-containing polyamic acid of the invention is a reaction product of the reactants including (1) an organosilicon compound having ethylenic unsaturation and amino-substituted hydrocarbon group, (2) a tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and (3) a polyamino compound in an organic solvent. The polyamic acid as such and a composition comprising the same in combination with a mercapto-containing compound and/or a photosensitizer are useful as a photosensitive precursor of a polyimide resin usable in photolithographic pattern reproduction.