Abstract: A metal vapor laser apparatus is provided with a buffer gas and a laser medium are enclosed in a tube and the gas is utilized as an excitation or ionization medium in the tube. The metal vapor laser apparatus comprises molecules consisting of a plurality of elements and mixed by at least 0.1% in the gas enclosed in the tube and a gas having a molecular weight lighter than that of neon mixed by at least 0.1% in the gas enclosed in the tube.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for stabilizing the wavelength in a laser. The apparatus includes a first and second etalon for fine and rough tuning, respectively, of a laser oscillator. The output power and wavelength of the laser beam, for example, can be used to adjust these etalons to provide a constant output power and to counteract the change in etalon characteristics due to heat.

Abstract: A laser apparatus comprising a Fabry-Perot etalon for selecting a laser oscillation wavelength and a wavelength monitor means for monitoring a laser beam taken out from a laser oscillator whose wavelength is variable, whereby the pressure at the gap in the Fabry-Perot etalon is adjusted on the basis of a signal output from the wavelength monitor means. In order to adjust the pressure at the gap the Fabry-Perot etalon is hermetically sealed in a vessel containing a gas and the gas pressure is controlled on the basis of the output signal.

Abstract: A laser wavelength is stabilized by deriving a portion of laser beam emitted from a wavelength variable laser oscillator, spectroscopically processing the laser beam portion by means of a wavelength monitor mechanism, measuring a spatial intensity distribution of the spectroscopically processed beam portion, spectroscopically processing light having a specific wavelength and measuring a spatial intensity distribution thereof, analyzing the measured spatial intensity distribution of the spectroscopically processed beam portion on the basis of the measured spatial intensity distribution of the spectroscopically processed light having the specific wavelength, and controlling wavelength of the laser oscillator according to a result of the analysis.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing sugar-added margarine containing 5 to 50% by weight of sugar calculated in terms of its anhydride, characterized in that, an emulsion of oil and fat, and sugar is uniformly heated by means of a micro-wave heating device at a pre-established optimum tempering temperature which is higher than a temperature lower by 10.degree. C. than the increased melting point of the oil and fat with a precision of .+-.2.0.degree. C., and then the heated emulsion is cooled at a rate of not higher than 5.degree. C./hr.

Abstract: A microwave generated plasma light source including a microwave generator, a microwave cavity having a light reflecting member forming at least a portion of the cavity, and a member transparent to light and opaque to microwaves disposed across an opening of the cavity opposite the feeding opening through which the microwave generator is coupled. An electrodeless discharge bulb is disposed at a position in the cavity such that the cavity operates as a resonant cavity at least when the bulb is emitting light. In the bulb is encapsulated at least one discharge light emissive substance. The bulb has a shape and is sufficiently small that the bulb acts substantially as a point light source.

Abstract: A microwave heating oven comprises an inner casing or particles as an inner casing which is made of a material being heated by microwave in which a material being heated is placed; an intermediate casing made of a refractory insulator which causes less microwave loss and which covers said inner casing or particles; and means for applying the microwave from outside of the intermediate casing into the inner casing or particles.The microwave heating furnace can be used for uniformly heating the material at high temperature with small electric power. A ceramic and a porcelain can be prepared by a household microwave oven as one of the microwave heating furnaces.

Abstract: A microwave generated plasma light source including a microwave generator, a microwave cavity having a light reflecting member forming at least a portion of the cavity, and a member transparent to light and opaque to microwaves disposed across an opening of the cavity opposite the feeding opening through which the microwave generator is coupled. An electrodeless discharge bulb is disposed at a position in the cavity such that the cavity operates as a resonant cavity at least when the bulb is emitting light. In the bulb is encapsulated at least one discharge light emissive substance. The bulb has a shape and is sufficiently small that the bulb acts substantially as a point light source.