Abstract: An electrode according to an embodiment includes a support, an intermediate layer including carbon particles and resin on the support, and a catalyst layer on the intermediate layer. A thickness of the intermediate layer is 70 [?m] or more and 300 [?m] or less.

Abstract: A supervisory control apparatus in which events that occur in the individual sections of equipment or a system having a hierarchical structure are identified and used for its maintenance and operation. To increase the efficiency and the flexibility of supervisory control without altering the hardware configuration. For this purpose, the apparatus provides a supervisory control apparatus in which immediately lower-rank components to which an event that has occurred in each of a plurality of components may spread are registered in advance. A particular status that an event occurred in a higher-rank component has spread to all lower-rank components is individually registered based on an iterative algorithm. An event occurred in a component where such a particular status is registered is negated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a supervisory control apparatus in which events that occur in the individual sections of equipment or a system having a hierarchical structure are identified and used for its maintenance and operation. An object of the invention is to increase the efficiency and the flexibility of supervisory control without altering the hardware configuration. For this purpose, the invention provides a supervisory control apparatus in which immediately lower-rank components to which an event that has occurred in each of a plurality of components may spread are registered in advance. A particular status that an event occurred in a higher-rank component has spread to all lower-rank components is individually registered based on an iterative algorithm. An event occurred in a component where such a particular status is registered is negated.