Abstract: An information device includes a reader, and a data processor. The reader reads, from a removable medium, ticket data that is provided from a server upon successful authentication, and that includes information representing a content of data processing to be executable upon the successful authentication. The data processor executes the data processing represented in the ticket data.

Abstract: An electronic control unit is connected to an in-vehicle network bus in an in-vehicle network system including a plurality of apparatuses that perform communication of frames via the bus. The electronic control unit includes a first control circuit and a second control circuit. The first control circuit is connected to the bus via the second control circuit over wired communication and/or wireless communication. The second control circuit performs a first determination process on a received frame received from the bus to determine the conformity with a first rule related to at least a reception interval, and, upon determining that the received frame conforms to the first rule, executes a predetermined process based on the content of the received frame. The first control circuit performs a second determination process on the received frame, received via the second control circuit, to determine the conformity with a second rule different from the first rule.

Abstract: A transmission device has a detector, a generator, and a transmitter. When the detector has detected that a communication rule of a message that has been broadcasted to a network by another transmission device coincides with a communication rule of a message that is broadcasted to the network by the present transmission device, the generator generates an abnormality notification message. Then, the transmitter broadcasts an abnormality notification message to the network.

Abstract: A transmission device has a first generator, a second generator, and a transmitter. The first generator generates data to be broadcast-transmitted. The second generator generates a message authentication code for at least the data generated in the first generator. The transmitter broadcast-transmits the data generated in the first generator, and the message authentication code generated in the second generator. The second generator omits generating message authentication codes for one or some of a plurality of pieces of data generated in the first generator.

Abstract: Provided is a key management method to secure security in an onboard network system having multiple electronic control units storing a shared key. In the key management method of the onboard network system including multiple electronic units (ECUs) that perform communication by frames via a bus, a master ECU stores a shared key to be mutually shared with one or more ECUs. Each of the ECUs acquire a session key by communication with the master ECU based on the stored shared key, and after this acquisition, executes encryption processing regarding a frame transmitted or received via the bus, using this session key. In a case where a vehicle in which the onboard network system is installed is in a particular state, the master ECU executes inspection of a security state of the shared key stored by the ECU or the like.

Abstract: A user invited to a session can see the content of the conversation exchanged in the session before participating in the session, so that he/she can easily decide whether or not to join the session.

Abstract: An optical character reader is characterized in that the reader determines accurately the range occupied by the major portion of each character in each character line. This is accomplished by dividing an image read from a document into character liens and counting the number of picture elements in series with each picture element forming each character on each character line in each direction of a plurality of predetermined directions. Each picture element is provided with a code data indicating the direction having the largest number of picture elements having a character. If the picture elements between two picture elements allotted with a specific code data for the direction along each character line do not have the specific data code, the original code data is replaced with the specific code data. The number of picture elements allotted with the specific code data for each character line are then counted and the position with the largest number of picture elements having a character is detected.

Abstract: An optical character reader is characterized in that the reader determines accurately the range occupied by the major portion of each character in each character line. This is accomplished by dividing an image read from a document into character lines and counting the number of picture elements in series with each picture element forming each character on each character line in each direction of a plurality of predetermined directions. Each picture element is provided with a code data indicating the direction having the largest number of picture elements having a character. If the picture elements between two picture elements allotted with a specific code data for the direction along each character line do not have the specific data code, the original code data is replaced with the specific code data. The number of picture elements allotted with the specific code data for each character line are then counted and the position with the largest number of picture elements having a character is detected.