Abstract: An LED module according to the present invention is an LED module including a plurality of light-emitting diodes, wherein the plural light-emitting diodes are disposed only on a lateral surface of a right cone, a right pyramid, a truncated right cone, or a truncated right pyramid; the lateral surface has an inclination angle of 55° or more and 82° or less with respect to a bottom surface; the plural light-emitting diodes have light-emitting surfaces substantially parallel to the lateral surface; and angles formed between projection lines of lines normal to light-emitting surfaces of adjacent light-emitting diodes or adjacent ones of grouped light-emitting diodes, the projection lines being drawn on the bottom surface, are all equal to each other and are 72° or less.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a gas decomposition apparatus and a gas decomposition method in which no safety problems occur in spite of the application of a relatively high voltage between an anode and a cathode for the purpose of decomposing odorous gases of many types. [Solution] A catalytic electrode layer 6 that contains a catalyst and is porous; a counter electrode layer 7 that forms a pair with the catalytic electrode; and an electrolyte layer 15 that is sandwiched between the catalytic electrode and the counter electrode and has ion conductivity are included. The catalyst is held by the catalytic electrode in the form of being carried by a carrier containing a conductive material or the catalyst is directly carried by the catalytic electrode. A conductive material in the catalytic electrode, the conductive material being in contact with the catalyst, is not a noncovalent carbon material.

Abstract: An LED module according to the present invention is an LED module including a plurality of light-emitting diodes, wherein the plural light-emitting diodes are disposed only on a lateral surface of a right cone, a right pyramid, a truncated right cone, or a truncated right pyramid; the lateral surface has an inclination angle of 55° or more and 82° or less with respect to a bottom surface; the plural light-emitting diodes have light-emitting surfaces substantially parallel to the lateral surface; and angles formed between projection lines of lines normal to light-emitting surfaces of adjacent light-emitting diodes or adjacent ones of grouped light-emitting diodes, the projection lines being drawn on the bottom surface, are all equal to each other and are 72° or less.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a gas decomposition apparatus and a gas decomposition method in which no safety problems occur in spite of the application of a relatively high voltage between an anode and a cathode for the purpose of decomposing odorous gases of many types. [Solution] A catalytic electrode layer 6 that contains a catalyst and is porous; a counter electrode layer 7 that forms a pair with the catalytic electrode; and an electrolyte layer 15 that is sandwiched between the catalytic electrode and the counter electrode and has ion conductivity are included. The catalyst is held by the catalytic electrode in the form of being carried by a carrier containing a conductive material or the catalyst is directly carried by the catalytic electrode. A conductive material in the catalytic electrode, the conductive material being in contact with the catalyst, is not a noncovalent carbon material.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a gas decomposition apparatus and a gas decomposition method in which no safety problems occur in spite of the application of a relatively high voltage between an anode and a cathode for the purpose of decomposing odorous gases of many types. [Solution] A catalytic electrode layer 6 that contains a catalyst and is porous; a counter electrode layer 7 that forms a pair with the catalytic electrode; and an electrolyte layer 15 that is sandwiched between the catalytic electrode and the counter electrode and has ion conductivity are included. The catalyst is held by the catalytic electrode in the form of being carried by a carrier containing a conductive material or the catalyst is directly carried by the catalytic electrode. A conductive material in the catalytic electrode, the conductive material being in contact with the catalyst, is not a noncovalent carbon material.

Abstract: Provided is a flexible printed circuit board having excellent flexibility and a diffusely reflective white surface (white surface) which does not tend to undergo color change even when irradiated with light such as short-wavelength light, i.e., has high light deterioration resistance, and does not tend to undergo color change even when placed in a high-temperature environment, i.e., has excellent thermal deterioration resistance. The white reflective flexible printed circuit board includes a flexible printed circuit board and a surface constituted by a white reflective material layer. The white reflective material layer is composed of a resin composition containing a fluororesin and an inorganic white pigment. Lighting equipment includes the white reflective flexible printed circuit board and an LED mounted on the surface side constituted by the white reflective material layer of the white reflective flexible printed circuit board.

Abstract: A light source unit (100) switches one or more of light source groups (P, Q, R), each comprising one or more of light sources (110), ON and OFF for each light source group or each light source. The light source unit (100) includes: a flexible printed wiring board (120); one or more of light source groups (P, Q, R) mounted on a first surface of the flexible printed wiring board (120); and a metal support plate (130) attached to a second surface on the opposite side to the first surface of the flexible printed wiring board (120) via an adhesive layer (140). The heat conductivity of the adhesive layer (140) in the vertical direction is set so as to be less than the heat conductivity in a base material layer (121) of the flexible printed wiring board (120) in the vertical direction.

Abstract: An Si—O containing hydrogenated carbon film as an optical film has a refractive index in a range from at least 1.48 to at most 1.85 for light of 520 nm wavelength and an extinction coefficient of less than 0.15 for light of 248 nm wavelength, wherein the refractive index and the extinction coefficient are decreased with energy beam irradiation. By utilizing such an Si—O containing hydrogenated carbon film, it is possible to provide various types of optical elements and an optical device including the same.

Abstract: The present invention intends to provide a two-dimensional photonic crystal resonator having a high Q-value. The slab-shaped body 21 is provided with cyclically arranged holes 22. The body 21 is divided into three areas 31-33 with the holes 22 arranged with cycle distances of a1 in area 31 and a2 in areas 32 and 33, which is smaller than a1. A waveguide 23 passing through the three areas is formed by linearly eliminating the holes 22. The waveguide 23 thus formed can propagate rays of light within a wavelength band that depends on the cycle distance of the holes 22. The cycle distance of the holes in the area 31 differs from that of the areas 32 and 33, and the wavelength band of the light propagating through the waveguide accordingly differs.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a gas decomposition apparatus and a gas decomposition method in which no safety problems occur in spite of the application of a relatively high voltage between an anode and a cathode for the purpose of decomposing odorous gases of many types. [Solution] A catalytic electrode layer 6 that contains a catalyst and is porous; a counter electrode layer 7 that forms a pair with the catalytic electrode; and an electrolyte layer 15 that is sandwiched between the catalytic electrode and the counter electrode and has ion conductivity are included. The catalyst is held by the catalytic electrode in the form of being carried by a carrier containing a conductive material or the catalyst is directly carried by the catalytic electrode. A conductive material in the catalytic electrode, the conductive material being in contact with the catalyst, is not a noncovalent carbon material.

Abstract: An Si—O containing hydrogenated carbon film as an optical film has a refractive index in a range from at least 1.48 to at most 1.85 for light of 520 nm wavelength and an extinction coefficient of less than 0.15 for light of 248 nm wavelength, wherein the refractive index and the extinction coefficient are decreased with energy beam irradiation. By utilizing such an Si—O containing hydrogenated carbon film, it is possible to provide various types of optical elements and an optical device including the same.

Abstract: In an optical thin film of the present invention, a hydrogenated carbon film containing at least carbon and hydrogen as major components is formed on a substrate, and at least one protective layer including one of an oxide film, a nitride film, an oxynitride film, a fluoride film, and a film containing hydrogen and carbon as major components is superposed thereon.

Abstract: An optical device includes a transparent thin film containing silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen as main components, wherein the film includes local regions of a relatively high refractive index and local regions of a relatively low refractive index.

Abstract: In 2D photonic crystals, cavities having a heightened Q factor are made available, wherein combining the high Q cavities with waveguides affords channel add/drop filters having high resolution. In a cavity constituted by a point defect within a 2D photonic crystal, the 2D photonic crystal is configured by an arrangement, in a two-dimensional lattice of points defined in a slab (1), of low-refractive-index substances (2) having a low refractive index relative to the slab (1) and being of identical dimension and shape. The point defect (4) contains a plurality of three or more lattice points that neighbor one another, and in these lattice points no low-refractive-index substances (2) are arranged; therein the dimension of the low-refractive-index substance (2) that should be arranged to correspond to at least one of the lattice points nearest the point defect (4) is dimensionally altered from a predetermined dimension.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a multiplexer/demultiplexer capable of preventing a decrease in multiplexing/demultiplexing efficiency due to an error in wavelength or due to a crosstalk with other wavelengths. A two-dimensional photonic crystal having holes 22 cyclically arranged is provided with an input waveguide 23 and an output waveguide 24. Located between the two waveguides are two point-like defects 25 and 26, each consisting of a region devoid of the holes 22. From the light including various wavelengths and propagating through the input waveguide 23, the two point-like defects extract a ray of light having a wavelength determined by the shape of the point-like defects and introduce it into the output waveguide 24.

Abstract: The present invention intends to provide a two-dimensional photonic crystal resonator having a high Q-value. The slab-shaped body 21 is provided with cyclically arranged holes 22. The body 21 is divided into three areas 31-33 with the holes 22 arranged with cycle distances of a1 in area 31 and a2 in areas 32 and 33, which is smaller than a1. A waveguide 23 passing through the three areas is formed by linearly eliminating the holes 22. The waveguide 23 thus formed can propagate rays of light within a wavelength band that depends on the cycle distance of the holes 22. The cycle distance of the holes in the area 31 differs from that of the areas 32 and 33, and the wavelength band of the light propagating through the waveguide accordingly differs.

Abstract: In 2D photonic crystals, cavities having a heightened Q factor are made available, wherein combining the high Q cavities with waveguides affords channel add/drop filters having high resolution. In a cavity constituted by a point defect within a 2D photonic crystal, the 2D photonic crystal is configured by an arrangement, in a two-dimensional lattice of points defined in a slab (1), of low-refractive-index substances (2) having a low refractive index relative to the slab (1) and being of identical dimension and shape. The point defect (4) contains a plurality of three or more lattice points that neighbor one another, and in these lattice points no low-refractive-index substances (2) are arranged; therein the dimension of the low-refractive-index substance (2) that should be arranged to correspond to at least one of the lattice points nearest the point defect (4) is dimensionally altered from a predetermined dimension.

Abstract: The Q factor and electric field pattern (radiation pattern) for a cavity made from a donor-type point defect 4 as is illustrated in FIG. 1 were simulated by the FDTD method. The simulation parameters were configured by selecting silicon for the slab 1; and setting approximately 1.55 ?m, which is generally used in optical communications, for the wavelength ?; 0.42 ?m for the lattice constant a; 0.6a for the slab 1 thickness; and 0.29a for the predetermined sectional radius of the through-holes 2.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a multiplexer/demultiplexer capable of preventing a decrease in multiplexing/demultiplexing efficiency due to an error in wavelength or due to a crosstalk with other wavelengths. A two-dimensional photonic crystal having holes 22 cyclically arranged is provided with an input waveguide 23 and an output waveguide 24. Located between the two waveguides are two point-like defects 25 and 26, each consisting of a region devoid of the holes 22. From the light including various wavelengths and propagating through the input waveguide 23, the two point-like defects extract a ray of light having a wavelength determined by the shape of the point-like defects and introduce it into the output waveguide 24.

Abstract: The channel add/drop filter includes first and second 2D photonic crystals, and the first 2D photonic crystal includes a first waveguide and a first cavity, with the first cavity acting to take in light of a specific wavelength from the first waveguide and radiate it outside the first photonic crystal, and the second 2D photonic crystal includes a second waveguide with substantially the same characteristics as the first waveguide and a second cavity with substantially the same characteristics as the first cavity. The first and second waveguides are optically connected so that when the principal plane of the first 2D photonic crystal and the electric-field vector of the light within the first waveguide torn, an arbitrary angle ?, the principal plane of the second 2D photonic crystal and the electric-field vector of the light within the second waveguide form an angle of ?+(?/2).