Abstract: A semiconductor device having a large on-state current and high reliability is provided. The semiconductor device includes a first insulator, a first oxide over the first insulator, a second oxide over the first oxide, a third oxide and a fourth oxide over the second oxide, a first conductor over the third oxide, a second conductor over the fourth oxide, a fifth oxide over the second oxide, a second insulator over the fifth oxide, and a third conductor over the second insulator. The fifth oxide is in contact with a top surface of the second oxide, a side surface of the first conductor, a side surface of the second conductor, a side surface of the third oxide, and a side surface of the fourth oxide. The second oxide contains In, an element M, and Zn. The first oxide and the fifth oxide each contain at least one of constituent elements included in the second oxide. The third oxide and the fourth oxide each contain the element M.

Abstract: A standard mask apparatus includes at least one standard mask including at least one through-hole. The standard mask apparatus may include standard regions each including the at least one through-hole. The standard regions may be arranged in a first direction and in a second direction that intersects with the first direction. A ratio of a dimension of each standard region in the first direction to a dimension of an interval between two of the standard regions in the first direction may be higher than or equal to 0.1. A ratio of a dimension of each standard region in the second direction to a dimension of an interval between the two standard regions in the second direction may be higher than or equal to 0.1.

Abstract: A standard mask apparatus includes at least one standard mask including at least one through-hole. The standard mask apparatus may include standard regions each including the at least one through-hole. The standard regions may be arranged in a first direction and in a second direction that intersects with the first direction. A ratio of a dimension of each standard region in the first direction to a dimension of an interval between two of the standard regions in the first direction may be higher than or equal to 0.1. A ratio of a dimension of each standard region in the second direction to a dimension of an interval between the two standard regions in the second direction may be higher than or equal to 0.1.

Abstract: The present invention solves a problem with conventional tube expanding method for heat exchanger tubes that is susceptible, when carrying out tube expansion on U-shaped heat exchanger tubes that have a narrower diameter than in the past and forming flare portions in opening portions that have been subjected to tube expansion, to a buckling phenomenon at boundaries between straight portions and hairpin portions of the heat exchanger tubes or a vicinity thereof. Opening portions of U-shaped heat exchanger tubes 56 that pass through a fin layer 54 protrude from an upper end surface of the fin layer 54, hairpin portions 56b of the heat exchanger tubes 56 protrude from a lower end surface of the fin layer 54, and tube expanding billets 22 are inserted into each opening portion of the heat exchanger tubes 56 to carry out primary tube expansion that expands the diameter of each straight tube portion 56a of the heat exchanger tubes 56 to integrate the heat exchanger tubes 56 and fins 50.

Abstract: In a state where the expanded protruding portion of the heat-exchanging tube, which has been expanded inside a grip portion of a chucking sleeve whose diameter has been reduced by a clamp bushing, is gripped by the grip portion, a tube expanding billet is inserted into a yet-unexpanded part of the heat-exchanging tube to cause tube expansion. When doing so, a guide portion, which is formed on a flare punch and has the same diameter as the maximum outer diameter of the tube expanding billet, is inserted inside the expanded protruding portion of the heat-exchanging tube gripped by the grip portion.

Abstract: The present invention solves a problem with conventional tube expanding method for heat exchanger tubes that is susceptible, when carrying out tube expansion on U-shaped heat exchanger tubes that have a narrower diameter than in the past and forming flare portions in opening portions that have been subjected to tube expansion, to a buckling phenomenon at boundaries between straight portions and hairpin portions of the heat exchanger tubes or a vicinity thereof. Opening portions of U-shaped heat exchanger tubes 56 that pass through a fin layer 54 protrude from an upper end surface of the fin layer 54, hairpin portions 56b of the heat exchanger tubes 56 protrude from a lower end surface of the fin layer 54, and tube expanding billets 22 are inserted into each opening portion of the heat exchanger tubes 56 to carry out primary tube expansion that expands the diameter of each straight tube portion 56a of the heat exchanger tubes 56 to integrate the heat exchanger tubes 56 and fins 50.

Abstract: In a state where the expanded protruding portion of the heat-exchanging tube, which has been expanded inside a grip portion of a chucking sleeve whose diameter has been reduced by a clamp bushing, is gripped by the grip portion, a tube expanding billet is inserted into a yet-unexpanded part of the heat-exchanging tube to cause tube expansion. When doing so, a guide portion, which is formed on a flare punch and has the same diameter as the maximum outer diameter of the tube expanding billet, is inserted inside the expanded protruding portion of the heat-exchanging tube gripped by the grip portion.

Abstract: In the method of manufacturing a heat exchanger, transverse sectional shapes of heat exchanging tubes can be easily formed into elliptical shapes. The method includes the steps of: piling metallic fins, each of which includes collared through-holes, so as to form tube holes, which are formed by connecting the collared through-holes; piercing heat exchanging tubes, whose transverse sectional shapes are circular shapes, through the tube holes; and inserting expanding bullets, whose transverse sectional shapes are elliptical shapes, into the heat exchanging tubes. The heat exchanging tubes are elliptically expanded to and integrated with the metallic fins.

Abstract: A tube expanding bullet is inserted into and expands a heat exchanger tube which has been pierced through collared fin holes of piled heat exchanging fins, so as to expand the fin holes and integrate the tube with the heat exchanging fins. The tube expanding bullet has a first part formed at a front part of the tube expanding bullet and a second part formed at a rear part of the tube expanding bullet whose maximum outer diameter is greater than that of the first part. The fin holes are firstly expanded by passing the first part of the bullet through the tube. The fin hole is secondly expanded by passing the second part of the bullet through the tube. A first rate of expansion of the fin hole by the first part of the tube expanding bullet is less than a second rate of expansion of the fin hole by the second part of the bullet.

Abstract: In forming a heat exchanger, a tube of the heat exchanger is expanded by a bullet, which is attached to a mandrel. The tube is projected from both end faces of a piled body formed by piling a plurality of fins. Each fin has a tube hole through which the tube passes. The fins and the tube are integrated by expansion of the tube. A first projected section of the tube, which is projected from one end face of the piled body and which has been expanded by the bullet, is held at a prescribed position. The bullet is pressed toward a second projected section, which is projected from the other end face of the piled body. As the bullet moves toward the second projected section, it expands the tube. The second projected section of the tube is allowed to contract during the tube expansion. An object of the present invention is to prevent adhesion of adjacent fins and irregularities in fin clearances between adjacent fins.

Abstract: A tension controller for a warping machine maintains a constant yarn tension during a warping operation from the beginning to the end of the warping operation. The tension controller has a brake force control mechanism (240) for controlling the size of the tension applied to the running yarns, and a yarn speed control mechanism (290) for controlling the running speed of the yarns. The brake control input, which is supplied to the yarns brakes, and the running speed of the yarns are so controlled that the actual yarn tension conforms to set or desired tension. When the diameters of the yarn packages are relatively large, a brake force is applied to the yarns, which run at a constant speed, thereby maintaining a constant yarn tension. When the diameters of the yarn packages are relatively small, on the other hand, a constant yarn tension is maintained by reducing the running speed of the yarns while supplying a zero or constant brake force to the yarns.