Abstract: A charging system has: a plurality of client apparatuses connected to a network; a server apparatus which provides a service to the client apparatuses via the network; a charging apparatus connected to the network in order to make a charge regarding the provision of the service; a plurality of first processing apparatuses which are provided for the network in order to control the provision of the service from the server apparatus to the client apparatuses and accumulate charge information by the charging apparatus with respect to the service when the service is provided to the client apparatuses via the first processing apparatuses; and a second processing apparatus which has a cyclic unit which circulates among the first processing apparatuses via the network, collects the charge information accumulated in the first processing apparatuses by the circulation of the cyclic unit, and provides the collected charge information to the charging apparatus.

Abstract: A distributed database system contains a plurality of databases each storing the same common-data and a plurality of servers having at least one the database, and enabling an active program to move in a specified-sequence among these servers, each server comprises a tuple generating means to generate a self-data-tuple related to a common-data to be updated; a tuple attaching means to attach the self-data-tuple to the active program; a update process means to perform each data update process on database at its own side; a update information adding means to add a update information to a said other-data-tuple; and a tuple deleting means to delete said other-data-tuple from the active program.

Abstract: A charging system has: a plurality of client apparatuses connected to a network; a server apparatus which provides a service to the client apparatuses via the network; a charging apparatus connected to the network in order to make a charge regarding the provision of the service; a plurality of first processing apparatuses which are provided for the network in order to control the provision of the service from the server apparatus to the client apparatuses and accumulate charge information by the charging apparatus with respect to the service when the service is provided to the client apparatuses via the first processing apparatuses; and a second processing apparatus which has a cyclic unit which circulates among the first processing apparatuses via the network, collects the charge information accumulated in the first processing apparatuses by the circulation of the cyclic unit, and provides the collected charge information to the charging apparatus.