Abstract: A piezoelectric substrate according to the present disclosure includes: a base body; an electrode formed at the base body; and a piezoelectric layer formed at the electrode and containing potassium, sodium, and niobium. A value of IR2/IR1 obtained by dividing an integrated intensity IR2 at a peak 2 by an integrated intensity IR1 at a peak 1, when a surface of the piezoelectric layer is measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, is less than 0.086. Here, the peak 1 has a strongest area intensity among peaks detected at wavenumbers of 475 cm?1 to 700 cm?1, and the peak 2 has an area intensity that is a sum of area intensities of peaks detected at wavenumbers of 1200 cm?1 to 1645 cm?1.

Abstract: A droplet ejection head includes a nozzle plate having a nozzle, a pressure chamber forming substrate having a pressure chamber, a vibration plate, and a piezoelectric element containing potassium, sodium, and niobium and formed on the vibration plate. The piezoelectric element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode. A total thickness of the piezoelectric layer, the first electrode, and the second electrode is larger than a thickness of the vibration plate.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element according to the present disclosure includes: a substrate; a first electrode formed on the substrate; a piezoelectric layer formed on the first electrode; and a second electrode formed on the piezoelectric layer, in which the piezoelectric layer contains potassium, sodium, niobium, oxygen, and carbon, and in secondary ion mass spectrometry in the piezoelectric layer, a ratio of a maximum intensity of carbon to a maximum intensity of oxygen is 3.1×10?3 or more and 9.1×10?3 or less.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element according to the present disclosure includes: a first electrode; a piezoelectric layer formed at an upper part of the first electrode; and a second electrode formed at an upper part of the piezoelectric layer, in which the piezoelectric layer contains potassium, sodium, and niobium, and a Young's modulus of the piezoelectric layer measured by a nanoindentation method exceeds 130 GPa.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes an adhesion layer formed at a vibration plate and containing titanium, a lower electrode formed at the adhesion layer, a diffusion reduction layer formed at the lower electrode and containing iridium, a seed layer formed at the diffusion reduction layer and containing bismuth, a piezoelectric layer formed at the seed layer and containing potassium, sodium, and niobium, and an upper electrode formed at the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes: a first electrode formed at a vibration plate; a seed layer formed at the first electrode; a piezoelectric film containing potassium, sodium, and niobium and formed at the seed layer; and a second electrode formed at the piezoelectric film. The piezoelectric film contains lithium and one or more first transition elements. The seed layer contains bismuth. When the piezoelectric film is divided into two equal parts in a stacking direction, the second electrode side is defined as a first region, and the first electrode side is defined as a second region, a bismuth intensity obtained by SIMS measurement at a boundary between the first region and the second region is equal to or less than 1/500 of a maximum bismuth intensity obtained by the SIMS measurement of the piezoelectric film.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus includes a housing, a tray, a conveyer, an image reader, a position detector, and a controller. The housing has a first introduction opening, a first discharge opening, a second introduction opening, and a second discharge opening. The tray is configured to connect to the housing movably between an open position and a close position relative to the housing. The tray is configured to cover the first introduction opening and to expose the second introduction opening and the second discharge opening at the close position. The conveyer is configured to convey the second medium from the second introduction opening to the second discharge opening. The conveyer is provided in the housing. The controller is configured to drive the conveyer when the tray is located at the close position.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus includes a housing, a tray, a conveyer, an image reader, a position detector, and a controller. The housing has a first introduction opening, a first discharge opening, a second introduction opening, and a second discharge opening. The tray is configured to connect to the housing movably between an open position and a close position relative to the housing. The tray is configured to cover the first introduction opening and to expose the second introduction opening and the second discharge opening at the close position. The conveyer is configured to convey the second medium from the second introduction opening to the second discharge opening. The conveyer is provided in the housing. The controller is configured to drive the conveyer when the tray is located at the close position.

Abstract: A mobile station position locating system is provided in which having a provisional position locating section sets base station set and locate a position of a mobile station as a provisional position locating result using the base station set. A provisional position locating result-group extracting section extracts a provisional position locating result associated with the base station set not including a specified base station, among provisional position locating results. A variation calculating section calculates a variation ? of a provisional position locating result group with each base station being assigned to a specified base station, and a position locating base-station setting section sets a position locating base station excluding the base station assigned to the specified base station, among the provisional position locating result groups with the least variations.

Abstract: A mobile station position locating method is provided for accurately locating positions of base stations without actually locating the positions of the base stations for locating the mobile station. In a transmit and receiving time detecting step (S6, S7), transmitting times ts1 to ts4 of radio waves transmitted from plural stationary transmitters C1 to C4 set up in known positions, and receiving times s1 to s4, i.e., propagation times of the radio waves are detected. In a base-station position calculating step (S4), positions (Xn, Yn, Zn; n=1 to 4) of the base stations K1 to K4 are calculated based on propagation distances l1, l2, l3 and l4 between the plural stationary transmitters C1 to C4, and a predetermined base station K1 calculated based on the transmitting times ts1 to ts4 of the receiving times s1 to s4 of the radio waves, and the known positions (xn, yn, zn; n=1˜4) of the stationary transmitters C1 to C4.

Abstract: A radio wave transmitted from a mobile station 10 is received in each base station 12, and, based on the received power measured by a received power measuring portion 38 of the base station, a distance ratio calculating portion 54 of a position locating server 14 calculates the difference in the received power between the paired base stations. Based on the difference in the received power, the distance ratio is calculated between the distance from one base station to the mobile station and the distance from the other base station to the mobile station. A locus creating portion 56 of the position locating server 14 creates a locus which is a sequence of points showing positions where the calculated distance ratio is realized. The position calculating portion 58 calculates an intersection of the loci for a plurality of base station pairs, thereby calculating a candidate for the mobile station.

Abstract: A spark plug cap apparatus for an internal combustion engine having relatively deep and generally vertical spark plug receiving bores. The upper end of the bore is provided with an annular protrusion. A resilient head cover has a bent flange for extending over and sealably engaging the annular protrusion. The head cover has a downwardly extending seal lip for engaging the inside of the bore. A pipe is molded to the head cover and extends downwardly to engage the top of the spark plug. The spark wire extends through the head cover and pipe. A vent hole is provided in the head cover.

Abstract: A cylinder head for an internal combustion engine is constructed with a camshaft holder assembly. The camshaft holder assembly consists of several cylindrical recesses which form the camshaft support bearing, the camshaft positioning guide, and an accommodating chamber. Lubricant flows through the camshaft support bearing and accumulates in the accommodating chamber, which encloses a coupling between the camshaft and the drive shaft of an auxiliary device, for lubricating and cooling the coupling. The lubricant is maintained at a relatively constant level in the accommodating chamber by an inclined flow passage to the lubricant return passage in the cylinder head and the splashing action of the coupling within the accommodating chamber.