Abstract: A fuel cell electrode includes an intra-electrode proton conductor and a catalyst. The intra-electrode proton conductor contains a metal ion, an oxoanion, and a proton coordinating molecule, and at least one of an oxoanion and a proton coordinating molecule coordinates to the metal ion to form a coordination polymer. The intra-electrode proton conductor is disposed in contact with the catalyst. For example, the catalyst is covered with the intra-electrode proton conductor.

Abstract: A proton conductor includes a coordination polymer having stoichiometrically metal ions, oxoanions, and proton coordinating molecules capable of undergoing protonation or deprotonation. The coordination polymer including coordination entities that are repeatedly coordinated to bond the coordination entities with one another. Each coordination entity is either a first coordination entity or a second coordination entity. The first coordination entity is one metal ion of the metal ions coordinated with either at least one oxoanion of the oxoanions or at least one proton coordinating molecule of the proton coordinating molecules. The second coordination entity is the metal ion coordinated with each of at least one oxoanion of the oxoanions and at least one proton coordinating molecule of the proton coordinating molecules. At least a part of the proton conductor is non-crystalline. The proton conductor has high ion conductivity at high temperature.

Abstract: An ammonia synthesis catalyst synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen in a presence of moisture is provided. The ammonia synthesis catalysis includes a catalyst particle including an inorganic material that has a photocatalytic function and an inorganic acid. The catalyst particle is preferably an n-type semiconductor and includes oxide material including at least titanium preferably. The inorganic acid preferably corresponds to at least one of perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.

Abstract: A proton conductor includes a coordination polymer having stoichiometrically metal ions, oxoanions, and proton coordinating molecules capable of undergoing protonation or deprotonation. The coordination polymer including coordination entities that are repeatedly coordinated to bond the coordination entities with one another. Each coordination entity is either a first coordination entity or a second coordination entity. The first coordination entity is one metal ion of the metal ions coordinated with either at least one oxoanion of the oxoanions or at least one proton coordinating molecule of the proton coordinating molecules. The second coordination entity is the metal ion coordinated with each of at least one oxoanion of the oxoanions and at least one proton coordinating molecule of the proton coordinating molecules. At least a part of the proton conductor is non-crystalline. The proton conductor has high ion conductivity at high temperature.

Abstract: A purification catalyst that purifies nitric acid is provided in the present disclosure. The purification catalyst includes a catalyst particle, an inorganic acid, and water. The catalyst particle includes a metal oxide that has a function of an n-type semiconductor. The purification catalyst purifies the nitric acid under at least one of a light irradiation condition and a heating condition.

Abstract: An ammonia synthesis catalyst synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen in a presence of moisture is provided. The ammonia synthesis catalysis includes a catalyst particle including an inorganic material that has a photocatalytic function and an inorganic acid. The catalyst particle is preferably an n-type semiconductor and includes oxide material including at least titanium preferably. The inorganic acid preferably corresponds to at least one of perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.

Abstract: A heat transport fluid passage device for a heat transport circuit has a wall defining a passage through which a heat transport fluid flows. The heat transport fluid contains a solvent made of water or an organic substance and fine particles dispersed in the solvent. A hydrophobic membrane is formed on a surface of the wall.

Abstract: A heat transport fluid passage device for a heat transport circuit has a wall defining a passage through which a heat transport fluid flows. The heat transport fluid contains a solvent made of water or an organic substance and fine particles dispersed in the solvent. A hydrophobic membrane is formed on a surface of the wall.

Abstract: An apparatus of a heat transfer circuit in which a heat transfer fluid with small particles circulates includes a container and an agitator. The container is located in a lower position of the apparatus in a vertical direction and defines a chamber where the heat transfer liquid passes when circulating in the heat transfer circuit. The agitator is located in the chamber to agitate the heat transfer fluid.

Abstract: A heat transport medium includes a single solvent and fine particles 1 of a predetermined material dispersed in the solvent, and transports heat transferred from a heat transfer surface 5. Fine particles 1 includes one or more atoms, and structural substances 3 are arranged on a surface of fine particles 1 to protect it. Furthermore, structural substances 3 having a functional group capable of adsorbing onto fine particles 1 are floated around fine particles 1 in a state where structural substances are not adsorbed onto the fine particle. Also, structural substances 3 adsorbed onto the surface of fine particles 1 are arranged so as to form spaces which enable the floating structural substances 3 to adsorb around the fine particle.

Abstract: A heat transport medium comprises a single solvent and fine particles 1 of a predetermined material dispersed in the solvent, and transports heat transferred from a heat transfer surface 5. The fine particles 1 consist of one or more atoms, and have a structural substances 3 arranged on the surfaces to protect the fine particles 1. The heat transport medium satisfies a relationship among a diameter A, a length B and an average clearance distance C, which is represented by the expressions A?B, and B?C/2, wherein the diameter A is the diameter of a solvent molecule 2 composing the solvent, the length B is a length of a structural substance 3 extending from a functional group 3a to be adsorbed on the fine particles 1, and the average clearance distance C is an average distance between the fine particles dispersed in the solvent.

Abstract: A heat transport fluid includes a solvent, particles dispersed in the solvent, coating agents attached to surfaces of the particles, and organic components dispersed in the solvent. The heat transport fluid can be used for a heat transport structure that includes a first member having a first temperature, a second member having a second temperature higher than the first temperature, and a circulation device for circulating the heat transport fluid through the first member and the second member.

Abstract: A heat transport medium for transporting heat transferred from a heat transfer surface includes a liquid medium, and fine particles of a predetermined material dispersed into the liquid medium. The fine particles are contained in the liquid medium in volume content to provide an improvement rate of a heat transfer coefficient of about 1.0 or more. Here, the heat transfer coefficient is an index representing ease of heat transfer of the medium between the heat transfer surface and the medium by addition of the fine particles.

Abstract: A heat transport medium transports heat transferred from a heat transfer surface 5, the medium comprising a single solvent and containing microparticles 1 of a predetermined substance, wherein the microparticle 1 comprises one or more atoms, structures 3 for protecting the microparticle 1 are arranged on the microparticle surface and, if the diameter of a solvent molecule 2 constituting the medium is a and the length from a functional group 3a of the structure 3, which adsorbs to the microparticle 1, is b, the diameter a and the length b are set to satisfy the relationship a?b.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an antiferroelectric liquid crystal composition respectively containing the compounds of formula (1), (2), (3) or (4), wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are alkyl groups having 7-13 carbon atoms, R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are alkyl groups having 4-8 carbon atoms, any of the four hydrogen atoms in each of the phenyl groups of the formulas may be substituted with a halogen atom such as F, Cl or Br, or a CH.sub.3 group, and X indicates --O-- or --.

Abstract: A gas concentration detector using solid electrolyte layers laminated measures a concentration of gas constituents in measuring gas such as exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine without being influenced by oxygen concentration in the measuring gas. The measuring gas is introduced into an inner cavity of the detector and outside air as a reference gas is introduced into an air passage in the detector. Oxygen concentration in the measuring gas in the inner cavity is maintained at a predetermined level by operation of an oxygen pumping cell constituted by an ion conductive solid electrolyte layer and a pair of electrodes formed on both surfaces of the layer. The oxygen concentration in the inner cavity is measured by an oxygen sensor cell having one electrode exposed to the inner cavity and the other electrode exposed to the reference gas.

Abstract: Antiferroelectric liquid crystal compositions which employ mixtures of antiferroelectric liquid crystal compounds represented by general formulas (1) and (2), and also antiferroelectric liquid crystal compounds represented by general formula (3). ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 -R.sub.6 are alkyl groups, and one or more of the 4 hydrogen atoms of each of the phenyl groups in the formulas may be replaced with a fluorine atom.