Abstract: Electrical energy is charged to a dielectric by using an energizing unit. A relay apparatus includes a first electromagnetic relay and a second electromagnetic relay. One light-emitting transistor is turned on by self-maintaining the second electromagnetic relay and, then, one light-receiving transistor is turned on. Another light-emitting diode is turned on by discharging the dielectric and another light-receiving transistor is turned on. A power voltage is applied to a base of a transistor for start, and the transistor for start is turned on. The first electromagnetic relay is self-maintained, an interval between output terminals is energized, and a load is driven. Accordingly, the relay apparatus can be miniaturized with a safety function and with low costs.

Abstract: Electrical energy is charged to a dielectric by using an energizing unit. A relay apparatus includes a first electromagnetic relay and a second electromagnetic relay. One light-emitting transistor is turned on by self-maintaining the second electromagnetic relay and, then, one light-receiving transistor is turned on. Another light-emitting diode is turned on by discharging the dielectric and another light-receiving transistor is turned on. A power voltage is applied to a base of a transistor for start, and the transistor for start is turned on. The first electromagnetic relay is self-maintained, an interval between output terminals is energized, and a load is driven. Accordingly, the relay apparatus can be miniaturized with a safety function and with low costs.

Abstract: A navigation system which can enhance the position determining accuracy of a mobile object without employing any high precision measuring instrument. The navigation system comprises a GPS range measuring device, an angular velocity measuring device, a velocity measuring device and an azimuth measuring device, which measure the motion of the mobile object; a GPS range error estimating device, an angular velocity error estimating device, a velocity error estimating device and an azimuth error estimating device, which estimate errors involved in the respectively corresponding measuring devices; and a position calculating device which calculates the position of the mobile object from the outputs of the error estimating devices. The error estimating devices are implemented by Kalman filters and averaging processes.

Abstract: A system and method for displaying a present position of a moving object on a road are disclosed in which a road map information surrounding the present position of the moving object is displayed together with the present position of the moving object and the present position of the vehicle which is derived on the basis of output signals of a running distance sensor and running direction sensor is automatically corrected through a pattern recognition between a form of a road on which the vehicle has travelled and a form of a running locus of the moving object.