Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may include methods and system for a battery. According to various embodiments, the methods and system may operate to establish continuity between the RSOC values that are computed before and after a change in the charge mode of the battery. During a constant voltage charge mode, the methods and apparatus further estimate the RSOC value according to a linear relationship between the charging current and the RSOC.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may include methods and system for a battery. According to various embodiments, the methods and system may operate to establish continuity between the RSOC values that are computed before and after a change in the charge mode of the battery. During a constant voltage charge mode, the methods and apparatus further estimate the RSOC value according to a linear relationship between the charging current and the RSOC.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may comprise methods and apparatus for determining a relative state of charge of battery. According to various embodiments, the methods and apparatus may operate to establish continuity between the RSOC values that are computed before and after a change in the charge mode of the battery. During a constant voltage charge mode, the methods and apparatus further estimate the RSOC value according to a linear relationship between the charging current and the RSOC.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may comprise methods and apparatus for determining a relative state of charge of battery. According to various embodiments, the methods and apparatus may operate to establish continuity between the RSOC values that are computed before and after a change in the charge mode of the battery. During a constant voltage charge mode, the methods and apparatus further estimate the RSOC value according to a linear relationship between the charging current and the RSOC.

Abstract: The invention provides an oscillator circuit that reduces the dependence of an oscillation frequency on a power supply voltage. When a first charging and discharging circuit completes its discharge, a terminal voltage of a first capacitor of the first charging and discharging circuit is initialized to a power supply voltage and simultaneously a second charging and discharging circuit starts its discharge. Then, when the second charging and discharging circuit completes its discharge, a terminal voltage of a second capacitor of the second charging and discharging circuit is initialized to the power supply voltage and simultaneously the first charging and discharging circuit starts its discharge. The first and second charging and discharging circuits alternately repeat the initialization and the discharge, and the discharge is always started from the power supply voltage.

Abstract: The invention provides an oscillator circuit that reduces the dependence of an oscillation frequency on a power supply voltage. A charging and discharging circuit is a circuit switchable between an initializing operation setting an initial voltage for discharge and a discharging operation, and outputs a clock when the discharge is completed. The clock is inputted to a set terminal of a RS flip-flop. A signal formed by delaying an output signal of the RS flip-flop by a delay circuit is inputted to a reset terminal of the RS flip-flop. The output signal of the RS flip-flop is inverted to a discharge enable signal by an inverter, and the discharge enable signal is inputted to a switching circuit of the charging and discharging circuit. With this structure, the charging and discharging circuit alternately repeats the initializing operation and the discharging operation, and by the initialization the discharging operation is always started from the power supply voltage.

Abstract: The invention provides an oscillator circuit that reduces the dependence of an oscillation frequency on a power supply voltage. When a first charging and discharging circuit completes its discharge, a terminal voltage of a first capacitor of the first charging and discharging circuit is initialized to a power supply voltage and simultaneously a second charging and discharging circuit starts its discharge. Then, when the second charging and discharging circuit completes its discharge, a terminal voltage of a second capacitor of the second charging and discharging circuit is initialized to the power supply voltage and simultaneously the first charging and discharging circuit starts its discharge. The first and second charging and discharging circuits alternately repeat the initialization and the discharge, and the discharge is always started from the power supply voltage.

Abstract: The invention provides an oscillator circuit that reduces the dependence of an oscillation frequency on a power supply voltage. A charging and discharging circuit is a circuit switchable between an initializing operation setting an initial voltage for discharge and a discharging operation, and outputs a clock when the discharge is completed. The clock is inputted to a set terminal of a RS flip-flop. A signal formed by delaying an output signal of the RS flip-flop by a delay circuit is inputted to a reset terminal of the RS flip-flop. The output signal of the RS flip-flop is inverted to a discharge enable signal by an inverter, and the discharge enable signal is inputted to a switching circuit of the charging and discharging circuit. With this structure, the charging and discharging circuit alternately repeats the initializing operation and the discharging operation, and by the initialization the discharging operation is always started from the power supply voltage.

Abstract: A first current flowing through a first resistance is determined by a series connection between a first resistance and a transistor which is short circuited between the gate and the drain. Further, a second current flowing through a second resistance is determined by a series connection between a resistance and two or more transistors each having a short circuit between the gate and the drain. By drawing the second current from below the first resistance, a current fed through a reference transistor is established to be equal to (the first current)?(the second current). The second current starts flowing when the source voltage is equal to or greater than the summed values of the voltage drops between the gate and the source of the two or more transistors. Therefore, the second current becomes zero when the source voltage is lower than a predetermined value.

Abstract: A first current flowing through a first resistance is determined by a series connection between a first resistance and a transistor which is short circuited between the gate and the drain. Further, a second current flowing through a second resistance is determined by a series connection between a resistance and two or more transistors each having a short circuit between the gate and the drain. By drawing the second current from below the first resistance, a current fed through a reference transistor is established to be equal to (the first current)?(the second current). The second current starts flowing when the source voltage is equal to or greater than the summed values of the voltage drops between the gate and the source of the two or more transistors. Therefore, the second current becomes zero when the source voltage is lower than a predetermined value.

Abstract: A method for extracting metal ions by contacting an aqueous solution containing the metal ions with an acidic phosphoric acid ester, characterized in that as the acidic phosphoric acid ester, an acidic phosphoric acid ester of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an alkylphenyl group having from 7 to 18 carbon atoms and R.sup.2 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, is used.

Abstract: A method for extracting metal ions by contacting an aqueous solution containing the metal ions with an acidic phosphoric acid ester, characterized in that as the acidic phosphoric acid ester, an acidic phosphoric acid ester of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an alkylphenyl group having from 7 to 18 carbon atoms and R.sup.2 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, is used.

Abstract: A method for recovering gallium from an aqueous solution containing gallium, which comprises contacting the aqueous solution containing gallium to a porous polymer having a water-insoluble substituted quinolinol retained therein, to let the polymer adsorb gallium, and then eluting gallium from the polymer.