Abstract: An image pickup device has a plurality of photoelectric converter substrates carrying respective input/output terminals connected to the photoelectric converters. The device comprises leads connected to the input/output terminals and extending to the side opposite to the light receiving surfaces of the photoelectric converter substrates thorough the gaps separating the substrates.

Abstract: An image pickup device has a plurality of photoelectric converter substrates carrying respective input/output terminals connected to the photoelectric converters. The device comprises leads connected to the input/output terminals and extending to the side opposite to the light receiving surfaces of the photoelectric converter substrates thorough the gaps separating the substrates.

Abstract: An image pickup device has a plurality of photoelectric converter substrates carrying respective input/output terminals connected to the photoelectric converters. The device comprises leads connected to the input/output terminals and extending to the side opposite to the light receiving surfaces of the photoelectric converter substrates thorough the gaps separating the substrates.

Abstract: An image pickup device has a plurality of photoelectric converter substrates carring respective input/output terminals connected to the photoelectric converters. The device comprises leads connected to the input/output terminals and extending to the side opposite to the light recieving surfaces of the photoelectric converter substrates thorough the gaps separating the substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7 H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes a substrate, photoelectric transfer elements arranged on the substrate, a semiconductor device located in association with the photoelectric transfer elements and a thermal device for discharging heat coming from the semiconductor device to the outside. The thermal device additionally contacts the substrate and acts to cool the photoelectric transfer elements.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with an electrode including one substrate having thereon a color filter and a coating layer, and a liquid crystal layer comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed together with spacer beads between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a thickness smaller than a diameter of the spacer beads and a maximum thickness of the coating layer, the coating layer having a pencil hardness of at most 7 H. The above layer structure between the substrates is effective in improving resistance to external shock and providing a uniform cell gap.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for exposing a first object to a radiation energy passed through a second object, having a pattern, thereby to transfer the pattern of the second object onto the first object, the exposure apparatus including a radiation energy source, at least one spare radiation energy source and an arrangement for substituting the first-mentioned radiation energy source by the second-mentioned, spare, radiation energy source when the service life of the first-mentioned radiation energy source becomes over or nearly over, wherein the spare radiation energy source is energized or actuated when the intensity of irradiation of the first-mentioned radiation energy source is decreased to a predetermined value and, at the same time or after elapse of a predetermined time, the first-mentioned radiation energy source is sustituted by the spare radiation energy source.