Abstract: A protein photoelectric conversion device including a gold electrode; and a substance selected from the group consisting of a metal-substituted cytochrome b562, a zinc chlorin cytochrome b562, a derivative thereof, and a variant thereof immobilized on the gold electrode.

Abstract: As a technique for increasing the output of a microbial fuel cell, a microbial fuel cell including a polyol such as glycerol as a fuel and using a microbe in which an enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction has been introduced by genetic recombination on the side of a negative electrode is provided. By this microbial fuel cell, the velocity of the reaction can be increased to thereby give a high output by retaining a microbe in which an enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction such as diaphorase has been introduced by genetic recombination on the side of the negative electrode.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, a protein-immobilized electrode is stably used for long time. In one example embodiment, a method of manufacturing the protein-immobilized electrode includes immobilizing cytochrome c552 having high stability to a chemically-stable gold electrode while maintaining electron transfer capability of the cytochrome c552. In one example embodiment, a self-assembled monolayer is formed on a gold electrode by using hydrophobic thiol and hydrophilic thiol. By dipping the gold electrode on which the self-assembled monolayer is formed in a cytochrome c552 solution, a protein-immobilized electrode in which a cytochrome c552 is immobilized to the gold electrode with the self-assembled monolayer in between is produced.

Abstract: A method for designing a heat-resistant mutant enzyme, the method including the step of reducing a distance between the ?4 helix and the ?6 helix in a protein three-dimensional structure to become smaller than that of a wild type enzyme through deletion, replacement, addition, or insertion of one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence of the wild type enzyme with respect to tyrosine-dependent short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase.

Abstract: Provided is a thin three-dimensional interactive display which enables multi-touch sensing and three-dimensional gesture recognition. The three-dimensional interactive display includes a light source for irradiating an object to be detected with a light, a light modulation layer, into which a scattered light generated by irradiating the object with the light from the light source enters, at least for modulating an intensity of the scattered light, a transparent light-receiving layer for receiving the light transmitted through the light modulation layer, and a display panel or a back light panel disposed on the opposite side of the transparent light-receiving layer from the light modulation layer. The transparent light-receiving layer has a two-dimensional array of light-receiving elements.

Abstract: There are provided a novel protein which has extremely high stability with respect to light irradiation, and is capable of maintaining a photoelectric conversion function for a long time, and a protein photoelectric transducer which uses the protein, and is capable of being stably used for a long time. A tin-substituted horse-heart cytochrome c is obtained by substituting tin for iron as a central metal of a heme of a horse-heart cytochrome c. A tin-substituted bovine-heart cytochrome c is obtained by substituting tin for iron as a central metal of a heme of a bovine-heart cytochrome c. A protein made of the tin-substituted horse-heart cytochrome c or the tin-substituted bovine-heart cytochrome c is immobilized on an electrode to form a protein-immobilized electrode. A protein photoelectric transducer is formed with use of the protein-immobilized electrode.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including a photoconductor containing a complex of a conductive polymer and/or polymer semiconductor and a protein containing at least one dye having a long-lived excited state.

Abstract: A protein photoelectric conversion device including a gold electrode; and a substance selected from the group consisting of a metal-substituted cytochrome b562, a zinc chlorin cytochrome b562, a derivative thereof, and a variant thereof immobilized on the gold electrode.

Abstract: A multilayer transparent light-receiving device with significantly high photoresponsive speed that is easily manufactured, and a high-performance electronic device using the multilayer transparent light-receiving device are provided. The multilayer transparent light-receiving device is composed by laminating a plurality of protein transparent light-receiving elements using an electron transfer protein. The protein transparent light-receiving element has a structure in which a transparent substrate, a transparent electrode, an electron transfer protein layer, an electrolyte layer, and a transparent counter electrode are sequentially laminated. The multilayer transparent light-receiving device is used as a light-receiving device for a camera, an optical disc system and the like.

Abstract: A non-wetted all solid protein photoelectric conversion device that is able to be operated without existence of a liquid such as water inside and outside of the device and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The non-wetted all solid protein photoelectric conversion device has a structure in which a solid protein layer composed of an electron transfer protein is sandwiched between an electrode and an electrode. The solid protein layer is immobilized onto the electrodes and. The solid protein layer does not contain a liquid such as water. The solid protein layer is composed of a monomolecular film or a multimolecular film of the electron transfer protein.

Abstract: A molecular device includes a gold electrode, cytochrome c552 or a derivative or variant thereof immobilized on the gold electrode, and an electron transfer protein coupled to the cytochrome c552 or the derivative or variant thereof. Electrons or holes, or both, are transferred through the electron transfer protein by transition of electrons between molecular orbitals of the electron transfer protein.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, a protein-immobilized electrode is stably used for long time. In one example embodiment, a method of manufacturing the protein-immobilized electrode includes immobilizing cytochrome c552 having high stability to a chemically-stable gold electrode while maintaining electron transfer capability of the cytochrome c552. In one example embodiment, a self-assembled monolayer is formed on a gold electrode by using hydrophobic thiol and hydrophilic thiol. By dipping the gold electrode on which the self-assembled monolayer is formed in a cytochrome c552 solution, a protein-immobilized electrode in which a cytochrome c552 is immobilized to the gold electrode with the self-assembled monolayer in between is produced.

Abstract: A color imaging element, a photosensor and a photoelectric transducer which use a protein and are capable of being stably used for a long time, and methods of manufacturing them are provided. A zinc-substituted cytochrome c552 is immobilized on a gold electrode with a self-assembled monolayer in between to form a blue-light photoelectric transducer. Alternatively, a cytochrome c552 is immobilized on a gold electrode with a self-assembled monolayer in between, and a fluorescent protein absorbing blue light is bonded to the cytochrome c552, thereby forming a blue-light photoelectric transducer. These photoelectric transducers each are used as a color imaging element or a blue-light photoelectric transducer of a photosensor.

Abstract: A heat-resistant bilirubin oxidase mutant is disclosed. The bilirubin oxidase mutant is obtained by deletion, replacement, addition or insertion of at least one amino acid residue of a wild type amino sequence of SEQ. ID. No. 1 of a bilirubin oxidase derived from an imperfect filamentous fungus, Myrothecium verrucaria. A biocathode including a thermo stable bilirubin oxidase mutant immobilized thereon, and its use in a biofuel cell is disclosed.

Abstract: An electrolytic method of a fuel capable of suppressing reverse reaction of an enzyme and improving electrolytic rate is provided. In electrolyzing a fuel such as glucose by using an enzyme/electron mediator obtained by immobilizing an enzyme such as gluconate-5-dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase and an electron mediator onto a porous electrode made of a carbon material, electrode reaction is generated only in the enzyme/electron mediator electrode.

Abstract: The present invention provides an exposure apparatus comprising an illumination optical system configured to illuminate a reticle with a light beam from a light source, and a projection optical system which is configured to project a pattern of the reticle onto a substrate, and has a numerical aperture of not less than 0.7, the projection optical system including an optical member on which an antireflection coating configured to suppress reflection of the light beam is formed and which is arranged closest to the substrate, wherein a reflectance of the antireflection coating with respect to the light beam is minimum at an incident angle of not less than 30°.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a mutant gluconate dehydrogenase whose enzyme activity and/or heat resistance is a predetermined level or higher. The mutant gluconate dehydrogenase is made by an amino acid sequence obtained by deleting, substituting, adding or inserting one or plural amino acids in an amino acid sequence represented by sequence number 1. The mutant gluconate dehydrogenase displays enzyme activity which is equal to or higher than 120% of a wild-type gluconate dehydrogenase made by an amino acid sequence represented by sequence number 1, and/or displays residual enzyme activity after heat treatment under predetermined conditions, which is equal to or higher than 20% of the enzyme activity before the heat treatment.

Abstract: A method for designing a heat-resistant mutant enzyme, the method including the step of reducing a distance between the ?4 helix and the ?6 helix in a protein three-dimensional structure to become smaller than that of a wild type enzyme through deletion, replacement, addition, or insertion of one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence of the wild type enzyme with respect to tyrosine-dependent short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase.

Abstract: A fuel cell with which in the case where an enzyme is immobilized to at least one of a cathode and an anode, sufficient buffer ability is able to be obtained even at the time of high output operation, ability inherent in the enzyme is able to be sufficiently demonstrated, and which has superior performance is provided. In a bio-fuel cell which has a structure in which a cathode and an anode are opposed to each other with an electrolyte layer containing a buffer substance in between, and in which an enzyme is immobilized to at least one of the cathode and the anode, a compound containing an imidazole ring is contained in the electrolyte layer as a buffer substance, and one or more acids selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid are further added.

Abstract: A fuel cell is provided having a structure in which a cathode and an anode face each other with an electrolyte layer therebetween. The cathode includes an electrode on which an oxygen reductase and the like are immobilized, and the electrode has pores therein, water repellency is imparted to at least part of the surface of the electrode. Water repellency is imparted by forming a water-repellent agent on the surface of the electrode. The water-repellent agent includes a water-repellent material such as carbon powder and an organic solvent such as methyl isobutyl ketone that causes phase separation with water. When the electrode has pores therein, there are provided a fuel cell that stably provides a high current value and a method for manufacturing the fuel cell.