Abstract: An input offset voltage is applied to the output side of an irradiation quantity monitoring light receiving element, so that a light emitting element remains turned off unless a light quantity control signal exceeds a predetermined signal level. Prior to irradiation of light upon an intermediate transfer belt and measurement of a toner quantity, a light quantity control signal below the predetermined signal level is supplied to an irradiation quantity adjusting unit and the light emitting element is turned off without fail. A memory stores, as a dark output voltage, an output voltage from a reflection quantity detecting unit upon the turning off. In actual measurement of a toner quantity, with light irradiated upon the intermediate transfer belt, the dark output voltage is subtracted from the output voltage outputted from the reflection quantity detecting unit, whereby an influence of the dark output voltage is eliminated.

Abstract: In an apparatus, first and second processing modes are prepared to determine an optimal development bias. Either one of the first processing mode and the second processing mode is selected as a processing mode in accordance with an operation status of the apparatus. Hence, it is possible to select and execute the most appropriate processing mode in accordance with an operation status to thereby efficiently and highly accurately determine an optimal value of a development bias which is one density controlling factor.

Abstract: In an apparatus, first and second processing modes are prepared to determine an optimal development bias. Either one of the first processing mode and the second processing mode is selected as a processing mode in accordance with an operation status of the apparatus. Hence, it is possible to select and execute the most appropriate processing mode in accordance with an operation status to thereby efficiently and highly accurately determine an optimal value of a development bias which is one density controlling factor.

Abstract: An ion laser apparatus includes an ion laser tube, a pipe member, and air cooling heat radiating fins. The ion laser tube base a laser capillary having a discharge path between an anode and a hot cathode and a feedback path for an internal gas. The pipe member constitutes a cooling liquid channel for causing a cooling liquid to flow in an outer peripheral portion of the laser capillary. The air cooling heat radiation fins directly radiate heat, which is generated by the laser capillary, without being through the cooling liquid.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a network article of a leno cloth fixed with a resin. The leno cloth is impregnated with the resin and the resin is solidified while tension is applied in the direction of the weft of the cloth.

Abstract: A network article comprises reinforcing fiber fixed with a resin, in which the weft is almost straight and, preferably, the warp is also almost straight. To attain this, the warp consists of at least two kinds of yarns having different rigidities, and the lower rigidity yarn wreathes with higher rigidity yarn. Alternatively, a leno cloth is drawn in the weft direction to straighten the weft and then the resin is solidified under tension. The network article and a shaped inorganic product reinforced therewith exhibit higher tensile strength than those of the prior art.

Abstract: The gas laser tube has a cap-shaped mask attached to the outer surface of an output mirror portion. The mask has an aperture or a window on the bottom thereof to pass a laser beam therethrough. The mask can be rotated around the laser optical axis. The center position of the aperture is located so as to deviate from the rotational center of the mask. Therefore, even when the laser output optical axis is deviated from the rotational center of the mask, the laser beam may easily be adjusted to position within the aperture simply by rotating the mask.

Abstract: A method for treatment of carbon fibers for reinforcement comprises the step of coating or impregnating carbon fibers with an emulsion of epoxy resin having colloidal silica added thereto so as to harden the same. The carbon fibers treated in this way exhibit high bonding strength with respect to a concrete matrix, making it possible to obtain excellent carbon fiber reinforced mortar and concrete.

Abstract: In the matrix, a positive type liquid crystal of the twisted nematic type is driven by a thin film transistor arranged on a transparent substrate. The polarity of the video signal, originally generated for a cathode ray tube, is inverted within a driving circuit and the inverted negative video signal is used to drive the positive type liquid crystal display. In the range of voltages of the video signal which correspond to the white level, the active matrix panel is driven by stretching the voltage of the video signal such that comparable voltage-contrast characteristics are achieved with the liquid crystal display as with the cathode ray tube. Leakage current of the thin film transistor during off-periods is reduced by setting a gate voltage during the off-period which is within the range of voltage level of the power source.

Abstract: An XY recorder in which a recording paper is moved on a platen along the X axis in accordance with one variable and a stylus is moved along the Y axis in accordance with another variable, employs a controller to control the paper movement in several different modes. In a paper draw out mode, the paper is drawn out from a paper-feed roll pinched on the platen between pinch rollers and drive rollers, and during a time interval when the paper-feed roll exerts a backward tension to the paper, the paper is intermittently allowed to slip on the platen by disengaging the pinch rollers from the drive rollers. The tension to the paper backward from the paper-feed roll automatically aligns the paper.

Abstract: In the matrix, a positive type liquid crystal of the twisted nematic type is driven by a thin film transistor arranged on a transparent substrate. The polarity of the video signal, originally generated for a cathode ray tube, is inverted within a driving circuit and the inverted negative video signal is used to drive the positive type liquid crystal display. In the range of voltages of the video signal which correspond to the white level, the active matrix panel is driven by stretching the voltage of the video signal such that comparable voltage-contrast characteristics are achieved with the liquid crystal display as with the cathode ray tube. Leakage current of the thin film transistor during off-periods is reduced by setting a gate voltage during the off-period which is within the range of voltage level of the power source.