Abstract: To provide a long-life compression ring without an increase in the outer peripheral abrasion near the gap regardless of the ring material or the presence or absence of the outer peripheral hard coating, in an annular compression ring having a pair of gap faces opposed to each other to form a free gap and a nominal diameter d1 equal to an inner diameter of a cylinder to which the compression ring is attached to along with a piston, a self tangential force is 5N to 50N, and a radius of curvature R1 and the nominal diameter d1 satisfy a relationship: ?0.01?(2R1?d1)/d1<0.002 where the radius of curvature R1 is that of outer peripheral arcs of gap end portions in a free shape state before the compression ring is attached to the cylinder, and the gap end portions are defined in ranges between the gap faces and positions where a center angle from a midpoint of the free gap is 35°.

Abstract: To provide a long-life compression ring without an increase in the outer peripheral abrasion near the gap regardless of the ring material or the presence or absence of the outer peripheral hard coating, in an annular compression ring having a pair of gap faces opposed to each other to form a free gap and a nominal diameter d1 equal to an inner diameter of a cylinder to which the compression ring is attached to along with a piston, a self tangential force is 5 N to 50 N, and a radius of curvature R1 and the nominal diameter d1 satisfy a relationship: ?0.01?(2R1?d1)/d1<0.002 where the radius of curvature R1 is that of outer peripheral arcs of gap end portions in a free shape state before the compression ring is attached to the cylinder, and the gap end portions are defined in ranges between the gap faces and positions where a center angle from a midpoint of the free gap is 35°.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology relate generally to the field of imaging the spatial distribution of magnetic field of biologic and non-biologic materials that may change over time and more particularly to the apparatus and methods for making such a static or dynamic spatial imaging of magnetic field distributions. Some embodiments provide for apparatus and methods for a novel magnetographic camera which enables a unique ability to determine the spatial distribution of magnetic field in a biological or non-biological sample with high spatial and temporal resolutions and high sensitivity. The use of these embodiments will greatly expand the applications of OPM-based cameras in medicine, science and industry.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods which enable the stimulation of neurons oriented in all directions within a biological structure using applied magnetic fields.

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnesium alloy material, having superior mechanical properties without using special production equipment or processes, and a production process thereof. The magnesium alloy material of the present invention composed of an Mg—Zn—RE alloy comprises essential components in the form of 0.5 to 3 atomic percent of Zn and 1 to 5 atomic percent of RE, with the remainder comprising Mg and unavoidable impurities. The Mg—Zn—RE alloy has a lamellar phase formed from a long period stacking ordered structure and ?-Mg in the alloy structure thereof. The long period stacking ordered structure has at least one of a curved portion and a bent portion and has a divided portion in at least a portion thereof. Finely granulated ?-Mg having a mean particle diameter of 2 ?m or less is formed in the divided portion.

Abstract: An electromagnetic cortical stimulation array structured to stimulate cortical regions during a presurgical localization of eloquent areas. The device includes array of miniature elongated magnetic coils (optionally overlaid on an array of electrodes) oriented substantially parallel to one another and structured to be inserted under the dura during an open cranial neurosurgery. Each coil and electrode is activated (optionally, selectively) to subdurally stimulate different regions of the cortex to determine functions of each cortical area.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods which enable the stimulation of neurons oriented in all directions within a biological structure using applied magnetic fields.

Abstract: A surface coated cutting tool with a high level of both wear resistance and defect resistance in balance is provided. The surface coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a base material, and a coat film formed on the base material. The coat film includes at least one titanium carbonitride layer. The titanium carbonitride layer has a maximum value for an orientational index TC (220) among texture coefficients TC (hkl). When an indentation hardness of a standard block for hardness is Hs and an indentation hardness of the titanium carbonitride layer is Ht, the average value of the relative hardness Ht/Hs for a plurality of times of measurement is greater than or equal to 3. The difference between the maximum value Htmax/Hs and minimum value Htmin/Hs of the relative hardness of the titanium carbonitride layer to the relative hardness Ht/Hs is less than or equal to 0.5.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods which enable the stimulation of neurons oriented in all directions within a biological structure using applied magnetic fields.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool excellent in wear resistance is provided. The surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a base material and a coating formed on the base material. The coating includes an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer is a single layer or a multilayer stack constituted of two or more layers made of at least one element selected from the group consisting of group IVa elements, group Va elements, group VIa elements in the periodic table, Al, and Si, or a compound of at least one element selected from this group and at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and boron. The outer layer includes ?-aluminum oxide as a main component and exhibits an equivalent peak intensity PR(024) of a (024) plane of x-ray diffraction of larger than 1.3.

Abstract: The surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention is characterized in that a region of 10 ?m in a surface of the base material from point a? to point b? has two to seven cracks with a width of not more than 200 nm, or two to ten pores are present per length of 10 ?m in the surface of the base material from point a? to point b?, where points a? and b? are points defined respectively by lines drawn perpendicularly from points a and b to the surface of the base material where point a is a position located away from an edge ridgeline toward a rake face by distance La and point b is a position located away from the edge ridgeline toward a flank face by distance Lb.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods which employ a primary source mirror to scan a conductive sample containing an electric current to determine the distribution of currents in the sample, providing location, total magnitude, and direction in three dimensions of each component of the electric current distribution, by means of measuring the magnetic field external to the sample.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool according to the present invention includes a base material and a coating film formed on the base material. The coating film includes at least one TiCN layer. The TiCN layer has a columnar crystal region. The columnar crystal region is characterized by having a composition of TiCxNy (in which 0.65?x/(x+y)?0.90) and having a (422) plane having a plane spacing of 0.8765 ? to 0.8790 ?.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods which enable the stimulation of neurons oriented in all directions within a biological structure using applied magnetic fields.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool according to the present invention includes a base material and a coating film formed on the base material. The coating film includes at least one TiCN layer. The TiCN layer has a columnar crystal region. The columnar crystal region is characterized by having a composition of TiCxNy(in which 0.65?x/(x+y)?0.90), having a (422) plane having a plane spacing of 0.8765 ? to 0.8790 ? and having TC (220) showing a maximum value in an orientation index TC (hkl).

Abstract: Wear resistance and chipping resistance are both highly established for a surface-coated cutting tool. The surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a base material and a coat film formed on the base material. A first coat layer at a chamfer portion has residual stress that exhibits a minimal value at a depth A within 2 ?m from the surface, and that is greater than or equal to ?7 GPa and less than or equal to ?1 GPa.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool excellent in wear resistance is provided. The surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a base material and a coating formed on the base material. The coating includes an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer is a single layer or a multilayer stack constituted of two or more layers made of at least one element selected from the group consisting of group IVa elements, group Va elements, group VIa elements in the periodic table, Al, and Si, or a compound of at least one element selected from this group and at least one element selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and boron. The outer layer includes ?-aluminum oxide as a main component and exhibits an equivalent peak intensity PR(024) of a (024) plane of x-ray diffraction of larger than 1.3.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods enabling the improved noninvasive measurement of electric currents flowing in the body of a human being or animal or in a biological sample by way of a modular array of primary source mirrors and a magnetometer.

Abstract: A power plant which is capable of improving the drive efficiency and the power generation efficiency thereof when the electric power is generated using the power of a driven part thereof. A power plant has an internal combustion engine having a crankshaft, and a rotary motor having a rotor. A planetary gear train includes a sun gear, a ring gear, and a carrier rotatably supporting a planetary gear in mesh with the sun gear and the ring gear. The sun gear and the ring gear are connected to drive wheels. The carrier is connected to the crankshaft. The rotor is connected between one of the sun gear and the ring gear and the drive wheels. A transmission is connected between the other of the gears and the drive wheels, for varying a speed of power of the engine and transmitting the power to the drive wheels.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods to enable the complete detection and assessment of electric currents flowing in a conductive medium not only parallel, but also perpendicular to the boundary separating the conducting medium from a non-conducting medium by means of a magnetometer located outside of the conducting medium itself.