Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (50a) includes: an active matrix substrate (20a) having a plurality of gate lines (1a) extending in parallel with each other; a counter substrate (30a) provided so as to face the active matrix substrate (20a); a liquid crystal layer (25) provided between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a); and spherical spacers (21) provided between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a) so as to overlap each gate line (1a), for defining a thickness of the liquid crystal layer (25). A first protruding wall (9a) for surrounding the spacers (21) is provided over each gate layer (1a) of the active matrix substrate (20a), and a second protruding wall (19b) for surrounding the spacers (21) is provided on the counter substrate (30a).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (50a) includes: an active matrix substrate (20a) having a plurality of gate lines (1a) extending in parallel with each other; a counter substrate (30a) arranged so as to face the active matrix substrate (20a); a liquid crystal layer (25) interposed between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a); and spherical spacers (21) disposed between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a) so as to overlap each gate line (1a), for defining a thickness of the liquid crystal layer (25). A protruding wall (9a) is provided over each gate line (1a) of the active matrix substrate (20a) so as to surround the spacers (21).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (50a) includes: an active matrix substrate (20a) having a plurality of gate lines (1a) extending in parallel with each other; a counter substrate (30a) arranged so as to face the active matrix substrate (20a); a liquid crystal layer (25) interposed between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a); and spherical spacers (21) disposed between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a) so as to overlap each gate line (1a), for defining a thickness of the liquid crystal layer (25). A protruding wall (9a) is provided over each gate line (1a) of the active matrix substrate (20a) so as to surround the spacers (21).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (50a) includes: an active matrix substrate (20a) having a plurality of gate lines (1a) extending in parallel with each other; a counter substrate (30a) provided so as to face the active matrix substrate (20a); a liquid crystal layer (25) provided between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a); and spherical spacers (21) provided between the active matrix substrate (20a) and the counter substrate (30a) so as to overlap each gate line (1a), for defining a thickness of the liquid crystal layer (25). A first protruding wall (9a) for surrounding the spacers (21) is provided over each gate layer (1a) of the active matrix substrate (20a), and a second protruding wall (19b) for surrounding the spacers (21) is provided on the counter substrate (30a).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including an active matrix substrate furnished with a matrix of TFTs, in which a plurality of TAB substrates each having a driver IC are connected to the active matrix substrate through an ACF, and the driver ICs are connected to source bus lines through the ACF. Also, adjacent driver ICs disposed on the mounting substrates are connected to each other through common connection lines formed on the active matrix substrate. Consequently, the size and weight of the mounting substrates used to provide the driver ICs and lines connected to the same can be reduced, thereby making it possible to provide a light and inexpensive liquid crystal display having a small frame edge portion.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a source electrode (gate electrode) having an Al or Al alloy layer; a pixel electrode provided above the source electrode (gate electrode); and interlayer insulator films interposed between the source electrode (gate electrode) and the pixel electrode by depositing a TFT protection film as an inorganic insulator film and an organic insulator film in this sequence when viewed from the source electrode, so as to cover the source electrode (gate electrode).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a source electrode (gate electrode) having an Al or Al alloy layer; a pixel electrode provided above the source electrode (gate electrode); and interlayer insulator films interposed between the source electrode (gate electrode) and the pixel electrode by depositing a TFT protection film as an inorganic insulator film and an organic insulator film in this sequence when viewed from the source electrode, so as to cover the source electrode (gate electrode).

Abstract: In an exhaust secondary air supply system including an electric air pump and a flow rate control valve disposed in an air supply passage connected to an exhaust passage of an engine, the electric air pump is first driven after the start of the engine, and the flow rate control valve is then opened after a lapse of a predetermined time. At a time after starting the driving of the electric air pump, the abnormality of the electric air pump is detected by comparing a deviation between the current before and after driving of the electric air pump with a predetermined reference value. After opening of the flow rate control valve, the abnormality of the flow rate control valve is detected by comparing the deviation between the current before and after the opening of the flow rate control valve with a predetermined reference value.

Abstract: The method for producing a metallic wiring board of this invention comprises the steps of: implanting nitrogen on a surface of a substrate; forming a metallic film including, as a main component, one of Ta and Nb on the surface of the substrate where nitrogen is implanted by a sputtering method to form a metallic wiring by patterning the metallic film; and forming an insulating film by anodic oxidation of a surface of the metallic wiring. In the step of forming a metallic wiring form Ta or Nb on a substrate or a protective layer including nitrogen to anodic-oxidize the surface of the metallic wiring, Ta ions or Nb ions do not enter the substrate. Further, the substrate or a protective layer is doped with nitrogen, and a Ta layer is formed by the sputtering method thereon. The sputtering method has a characteristic that a material contained in the substrate is mixed into a film formed in the initial stage of the coating. Therefore, the doped nitrogen enters the Ta film, and a thin .alpha.

Abstract: A metallic wiring board includes nitrogen implanted in a surface of a substrate or a protective layer including nitrogen formed on the substrate upon which is formed a metallic film including, as a main component, one of Ta and Nb. An insulating film covering the metallic wiring is formed by anodic oxidation. The nitrogen in the substrate or the protective layer prevents Ta (or Nb) ions from entering the substrate during the anodic oxidation of the metallic wiring. As a result, insulating properties of the substrate are not degraded during the oxidation.

Abstract: A matrix-type liquid-crystal display panel, in which thin-film transistors are used as address display elements, comprises an electroconductive film that is formed on at least one wiring pattern connected to an electrode of the thin-film transistor, the width of the electroconductive film being greater than that of the wiring pattern.

Abstract: An active matrix type liquid crystal display device includes a substrate on which a matrix picture element electrodes reside, TFTs which are disposed in the vicinity of each picture element electrodes, and capacitor electrodes are provided, each of which is opposed to one portion of each of the picture element electrodes. A dielectric lamination structure consisting of three insulating layers is formed between the picture element electrode and the capacitor electrode. The dielectric lamination structure includes an anodic oxidation film, a gate insulating layer and a protective insulating layer. The protective insulating layer further extending over the associated TFT.

Abstract: A method of controlling the air-fuel ratio of a mixture being supplied to an internal combustion engine, in a feedback manner responsive to an output signal from an O.sub.2 sensor arranged in the engine exhaust system for sensing the concentration of a component in exhaust gases from the engine to produce as the output signal a normally fluctuating output signal indicative of the concentration. The air-fuel ratio is controlled to a desired value by means of at least one of proportional control applying a first correction value to correct the air-fuel ratio when the output signal changes from a rich side to a lean side or vice versa with respect to a predetermined reference value, and integral control applying a second correction value to correct the air-fuel ratio whenever a predetermined period of time elapses so long as the output signal remains on the lean side or on the rich side with respect to the predetermined reference value.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a neutral state of a transmission gear of a vehicle detects an engine rotational speed, a vehicle speed, and a condition in which the engine output power is transmitted to the transmission gear through a clutch. The apparatus judges that the transmission gear is in the neutral state when a ratio between the engine rotational speed and the vehicle speed is in any one of predetermined ranges. The apparatus also judges that the transmission gear is in the neutral state when a variation of the ratio between the engine rotational speed and the vehicle speed within a predetermined time period is greater than a predetermined value.

Abstract: A controlled system for the clutch in a torque converter of an automatic transmission wherein the clutch is normally engaged in a predetermined range of vehicle and engine operating conditions for efficient operation. An atmospheric pressure sensor is used in the control system to disengage the clutch in that predetermined range at higher altitudes to allow the torque converter to function to increase the torque being transmitted thereby compensating for the reduced engine performance at higher altitudes.

Abstract: A method of detecting abnormality in an air-fuel ratio control system for an internal combustion engine, the air-fuel ratio control system having a proportional control valve arranged in an air supply passage for supplying secondary air therethrough to the engine and controlled in response to an output signal from an oxygen concentration sensor arranged in an exhaust system of the engine in a manner such that its valve opening varies in proportion to the magnitude of driving current supplied thereto. A circuit is provided which includes a first transistor, the proportional control valve, and a second transistor arranged in the order mentioned and serially connected with each other between a power source for supplying a predetermined voltage and ground. A value of voltage at a predetermined location in said circuit is sensed while the first and second transistors are in predetermined states of conduction and non-conduction.

Abstract: A temperature of an internal combustion engine is sensed when the engine is started and elapsed time from engine start is also sensed. Engine intake air temperature is estimated on the basis of the sensed engine temperature and sensed elapsed time. The operation of the engine is controlled in accordance with the estimated engine intake air temperature.

Abstract: The invention is provided with a load detecting means for detecting the value of an electric load connected to an electric generator driven by an internal combustion engine. An idling speed-up means stepwise increases an idling speed of the engine. A control means causes the idling speed-up means to operate when the detected value of the electric load continuously remains above a predetermined value for a predetermined length of waiting time. The control means is provided with a variable setting means which variably sets the waiting time in such a manner that the larger the detected value of the electric load, the shorter the length of the waiting time.

Abstract: In a method for determining a control parameter of an air/fuel ratio control system of an internal combustion engine by means of an oxygen concentration sensor disposed in an exhaust system of the engine, the control parameter of the air/fuel ratio is determined independently of the output signal of the oxygen concentration sensor when a light load operation of the engine continued for more than a predetermined time period is detected.

Abstract: While an exhaust gas sensor having an output characteristic linear with respect to the concentration of a specific component in exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine, the opening of an automatic choke valve is controlled in response to the degree of warming-up of the engine. From the time of activation of the exhaust gas sensor to the time of completion of warming-up of the engine, the automatic choke valve and an air-fuel ratio control valve arranged in an air passage bypassing a throttle valve in an intake passage of the engine, are driven so as to achieve a desired air-fuel ratio, respectively, when the difference between the desired air-fuel ratio and actual one is larger than a predetermined value, and when the difference is smaller than the predetermined value. After completion of warming-up of the engine, the air-fuel ratio control valve is driven in response to operating conditions of the engine so as to achieve the desired air-fuel ratio.