Abstract: Proposed is an acoustic output device that obtains enough distance attenuation to achieve localization of a sound field by controlling the driving of a loudspeaker array by use of a more compact shape. The acoustic output device 10 comprises: a loudspeaker array 20 that includes a plurality of loudspeakers 20-1, 20-2, . . . , 20-N arranged in a two-dimensional plane; and an amplifier array 40 that includes a plurality of amplifiers 40-1, 40-2, . . . , 40-N that control the amplitude and phase of the drive signals for each loudspeaker according to the eigenvectors of the predetermined radiation mode of the loudspeaker array 20.

Abstract: An adhesion preventive membrane including a nonwoven fabric layer of collagen fibers, having on a surface thereof a coating layer containing a mixture of collagen and hyaluronic acid, or a method of producing a continuous collagen single strand, wherein a strand-like collagen is dehydrated/coagulated in a hydrophilic organic solvent having a water content of about 10% or less and then dried under conditions of a relative humidity of about 50% or less and a temperature of about 42° C. or less. A collagen nonwoven fabric of first and second layers composed of a plurality of collagen strand-like materials spun out of a solubilized collagen solution, and arranged in parallel, the first and second layers being laminated and bonded to each other so that directions of arrangements of the strand-like materials of the first and the second layers are at an angle therebetween.

Abstract: An adhesion preventive membrane including a nonwoven fabric layer of collagen fibers, having on a surface thereof a coating layer containing a mixture of collagen and hyaluronic acid, or a method of producing a continuous collagen single strand, wherein a strand-like collagen is dehydrated/coagulated in a hydrophilic organic solvent having a water content of about 10% or less and then dried under conditions of a relative humidity of about 50% or less and a temperature of about 42° C. or less. A collagen nonwoven fabric of first and second layers composed of a plurality of collagen strand-like materials spun out of a solubilized collagen solution, and arranged in parallel, the first and second layers being laminated and bonded to each other so that directions of arrangements of the strand-like materials of the first and the second layers are at an angle therebetween.