Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image holder; a charging unit that charges a surface of the image holder; an electrostatic charge image forming unit that forms an electrostatic charge image on the charged surface of the image holder; a developing unit that accommodates an electrostatic charge image developer containing a toner having toner particles and that develops an electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image holder as a toner image by the electrostatic charge image developer, in which a release agent present in a region within 800 nm from a surface of the toner particles is 70% or more of a release agent in entire toner particles and a melting temperature of the release agent is 65° C. or higher and 80° C.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image holder; a charging unit that charges a surface of the image holder; an electrostatic charge image forming unit that forms an electrostatic charge image on the charged surface of the image holder; a developing unit that accommodates an electrostatic charge image developer containing a toner having toner particles and that develops an electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image holder as a toner image by the electrostatic charge image developer, in which a release agent present in a region within 800 nm from a surface of the toner particles is 70% or more of a release agent in entire toner particles and a melting temperature of the release agent is 65° C. or higher and 80° C.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image holder; a charging unit that charges a surface of the image holder; an electrostatic charge image forming unit that forms an electrostatic charge image on the charged surface of the image holder; a developing unit that accommodates an electrostatic charge image developer containing a toner having toner particles and that develops an electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the image holder as a toner image by the electrostatic charge image developer, in which a release agent present in a region within 800 nm from a surface of the toner particles is 70% or more of a release agent in entire toner particles and a melting temperature of the release agent is 65° C. or higher and 80° C.

Abstract: An image forming method includes charging operation a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor that does not contain lubricant particles in a region of 30% from a surface of an outermost surface layer with respect to a film thickness of the outermost surface layer or contains 5% by mass or less of the lubricant particles with respect to an entirety of the region; forming an electrostatic latent image; developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer to form a toner image; transferring the toner image to a surface of a recording medium; and cleaning the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by bringing a cleaning blade into contact with the surface after the toner image is transferred, wherein a dynamic friction coefficient in a contact portion between the electrophotographic photoreceptor and the cleaning blade is 0.2 or greater and 0.6 or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and does not contain lubricant particles in a region of 30% from a surface of an outermost surface layer with respect to a film thickness of the outermost surface layer or contains 5% by mass or less of the lubricant particles with respect to an entirety of the region, a charging device that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing an electrostatic charge image developing toner to form a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that has a c

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and does not contain lubricant particles in a region of 30% from a surface of an outermost surface layer with respect to a film thickness of the outermost surface layer or contains 5% by mass or less of the lubricant particles with respect to an entirety of the region, a charging device that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing an electrostatic charge image developing toner to form a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that has a c

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that has a photosensitive layer constituting a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a charging device that charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic charge image forming device that forms an electrostatic charge image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that accommodates a developer containing a toner which contains toner particles and an external additive, and develops the electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by the developer as a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that includes a cleaning blade coming into contact with the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and cleaning at least residual toner particles on the surface of the el

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that has a photosensitive layer constituting a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a charging device that charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic charge image forming device that forms an electrostatic charge image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that accommodates a developer containing a toner which contains toner particles and an external additive, and develops the electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by the developer as a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that includes a cleaning blade coming into contact with the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and cleaning at least residual toner particles on the surface of the el

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support. A top surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine-containing dispersant, and two or more charge transporting materials. When the charge transporting materials are listed in order of decreasing HOMO energy levels, a difference in HOMO energy level between each adjacent two of the charge The ratio A of the amount of each of the charge transporting materials to the total amount of the charge transporting materials satisfies the condition 1 below, [(100/N)?(100/N×0.3)]?A?[(100/N)+(100/N×0.3)]??Condition 1 where N represents the number of types of the charge transporting materials included in the top surface layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support. A top surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine-containing dispersant, and two or more charge transporting materials. When the charge transporting materials are listed in order of decreasing HOMO energy levels, a difference in HOMO energy level between each adjacent two of the charge The ratio A of the amount of each of the charge transporting materials to the total amount of the charge transporting materials satisfies the condition 1 below, [(100/N)?(100/N×0.3)]?A?[(100/N)+(100/N×0.3)]??Condition 1 where N represents the number of types of the charge transporting materials included in the top surface layer.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a conductive base and a single-layer photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive base, the single-layer photosensitive layer including a binder resin, a charge-generating material, a hole-transporting material, and an electron-transporting material; and a developing unit including a developing roller that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a developer including a toner in order to form a toner image, the developing roller being arranged to come into contact with the photosensitive layer. The ratio R/P of the content R [mass %] of the binder resin in the photosensitive layer to the pressing force P [N/mm] at which the developing roller is pressed against the photosensitive layer is about 11.5 or more and about 19.6 or less.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a conductive base and a single-layer photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive base, the single-layer photosensitive layer including a binder resin, a charge-generating material, a hole-transporting material, and an electron-transporting material; and a developing unit including a developing roller that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with a developer including a toner in order to form a toner image, the developing roller being arranged to come into contact with the photosensitive layer. The ratio R/P of the content R [mass %] of the binder resin in the photosensitive layer to the pressing force P [N/mm] at which the developing roller is pressed against the photosensitive layer is about 11.5 or more and about 19.6 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive base, and a single-layer photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive base and containing a binder resin, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a charge generation material. When a gold electrode is provided on the photosensitive layer so as to have an electrode area of 9.3×10?1 cm2, and an electric field of 27 V/?m is applied between the gold electrode and the conductive base in an environment at a temperature of 33° C. and a humidity of 80% RH by applying a voltage so that the gold electrode becomes positive, a dark electrical conductivity ?d (1/(?·cm)) per unit area is about 4.6×10?14 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer-type photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The single-layer-type photosensitive layer contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, an electron transporting material, and a hole transporting material. The product of a volume resistivity (G?·m) of the single-layer-type photosensitive layer and an elastic modulus (GPa) of the single-layer-type photosensitive layer is about 90 or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive base, and a single-layer photosensitive layer disposed directly on the conductive base and containing a charge generation material. A difference between a work function of the conductive base and an electron affinity of the charge generation material is in a range of from about ?0.1 to about +0.1 eV. A difference between a current Ia and a current Ib is in a range of from about 5.5×10?8 to about 9.2×10?8 [A/cm2] when a gold electrode is provided on the photosensitive layer, where the current Ia is a current when an electric field is applied by applying a voltage so that the gold electrode becomes positive, and the current Ib is a current when an electric field is applied by applying a voltage so that the conductive base becomes positive.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a binder resin, at least one selected from a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment and a chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigment, a hole transporting material, and an electron transporting material and has a Martens hardness Hm of 170 N/mm2 or more and 200 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support and a surface layer provided on the conductive support, wherein electron emitting energy on a surface of the charging member is equal to or less than 10 cps0.5/eV.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes an array substrate, a counter-substrate, first pixel sections, second pixel sections, a liquid crystal layer, a color filter including first color layers, which form the first pixel sections, and second color layers which form the second pixel sections, and an undercoat insulation film including first light-transmissive inorganic parts, which form the first pixel sections and are set at such a film thickness that a wavelength at which a transmittance spectrum of the first pixel sections increases agrees with a wavelength at which a transmittance spectrum of the first color layers increases, and second light-transmissive inorganic parts which form the second pixel sections and are set at such a film thickness that a wavelength at which a transmittance spectrum of the second pixel sections increases agrees with a wavelength at which a transmittance spectrum of the second color layers increases.

Abstract: A circuit for detecting digital data has a data-changing point detecting circuit for detecting a changing point of the digital data at which a value indicative of the digital data is changed from value 1 to value 0, or value 0 to value 1; an asynchronous detecting circuit for judging whether or not the changing point is caused at a timing synchronized with the timing of the internal clock signal; an asynchronous counter for counting the number of asynchronizations; a synchronous signal generating counter for generating a synchronous signal by the internal clock signal; and a reset control circuit for controlling the timing of a reset operation of the synchronous signal generating counter in accordance with outputs of the data-changing point detecting circuit and the asynchronous counter. Another digital data detecting circuit and a method for detecting digital data are also shown.

Abstract: An image data processing apparatus includes a plurality of registers each of which outputs an output signal in accordance with a corresponding signal of a plurality of input coincidence signals derived from the input image data, the output signal indicating whether or not a corresponding register has a maximum count value, and each input coincidence signal indicating whether or not a corresponding pixel among neighborhood pixels of a target pixel of the input image data coincides with a corresponding dot among predetermined reference dots at given locations relative to the location of the target pixel in the input image data, and a state checking part for outputting a state signal indicating whether or not the output signal level of a first register having the maximum count value currently changes from the previous level by detecting the current output signal level of the first register in accordance with the input coincidence signals and in accordance with the output signals of the registers.