Abstract: A method for extracting a low-molecular-weight substance existing in a biological sample, including: 1) an adsorption step of adsorbing the substance on porous carbon by mixing the biological sample with the porous carbon having mesopores of 3.5 nm to 150 nm and micropores of a larger size as a hierarchical structure, and recovering the porous carbon from the obtained mixture, or by bringing the biological sample into contact with a filtration filter on which the porous carbon is disposed or supported; and 2) a releasing step of releasing the low-molecular-weight substance from the porous carbon by mixing the porous carbon obtained after the adsorption step with an aqueous solution containing 0.1 mass % to 1 mass % of spherical silica having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 100 nm and containing 10% to 12% of acetonitrile, or by causing the filtration filter to contact and pass through the aqueous solution.

Abstract: An engine is provided, which includes a combustion chamber defined by a cylinder head and a piston inside a cylinder of a cylinder block, a fuel injection nozzle provided to the cylinder head and formed in a tip-end part with a plurality of injection holes from which fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, the tip-end part being exposed to the combustion chamber, and a passage-forming member formed with a passage through which the injected fuel passes. The injection holes include first and second injection holes, and the passage-forming member is disposed around the tip-end part of the nozzle so as to cause a difference between a speed at which fuel injected from the first injection hole flows toward a circumferential part of the combustion chamber, and a speed at which fuel injected from the second injection hole flows toward the circumferential part.

Abstract: An engine is provided, which includes a combustion chamber defined by a cylinder head and a piston inside a cylinder of a cylinder block, a fuel injection nozzle provided to the cylinder head and formed in a tip-end part with an injection hole from which fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, the tip-end part being exposed to the combustion chamber, and a passage-forming member formed with a passage through which the fuel injected from the injection hole passes. An outer circumferential surface of the passage-forming member contacts a combustion-chamber ceiling surface of the cylinder head, and the passage of the passage-forming member includes an enlarged part gradually increasing in a cross-sectional area thereof from an upstream side to a downstream side of the passage.

Abstract: A structure of a combustion chamber applied to an engine provided with a piston that reciprocates inside a cylinder, and a fuel supply system that supplies fuel to the combustion chamber defined by the cylinder and the piston, mixture gas of fuel from the fuel supply system and air combusting inside the combustion chamber, is provided. The structure includes a first heat insulating layer covering at least a part of a combustion chamber wall surface defining the combustion chamber and made of a material with a lower thermal conductivity than the combustion chamber wall surface, and a second heat insulating layer covering the first heat insulating layer and facing toward the combustion chamber, a thermal diffusivity of the second heat insulating layer being larger than the thermal diffusivity of the first heat insulating layer. The second heat insulating layer has a thickness less than the first heat insulating layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is an engine piston structure including an outer peripheral portion (6) formed along an outer shape of a piston (1), and having a predetermined thickness, a pair of piston pin supporters (7) having peripheral walls (7b) having a predetermined thickness, and couplers (8) each coupling the pair of the piston pin supporters (7) to the outer peripheral portion (6). The outer peripheral portion (6) and the peripheral walls (7b) of the piston pin supporters (7) are solid. Each of the coupler (8) is porous. The outer peripheral portion (6), the piston pin supporters (7), and the couplers (8) are made of a metal material and are integrally formed together.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to, while forming a heat insulating layer on a squish area surface of a top surface of a piston main body, prevent generation of large cracks on the heat insulating layer and suppress damages and peeling of the heat insulating layer. To achieve this object, in the present invention, pressure is applied to a heat insulating layer provided on a top surface of a piston main body, that is, a pressing stress is applied to the heat insulating layer in advance.

Abstract: Disclosed is an engine piston structure including an outer peripheral portion (6) formed along an outer shape of a piston (1), and having a predetermined thickness, a pair of piston pin supporters (7) having peripheral walls (7b) having a predetermined thickness, and couplers (8) each coupling the pair of the piston pin supporters (7) to the outer peripheral portion (6). The outer peripheral portion (6) and the peripheral walls (7b) of the piston pin supporters (7) are solid. Each of the coupler (8) is porous. The outer peripheral portion (6), the piston pin supporters (7), and the couplers (8) are made of a metal material and are integrally formed together.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to, while forming a heat insulating layer on a squish area surface of a top surface of a piston main body, prevent generation of large cracks on the heat insulating layer and suppress damages and peeling of the heat insulating layer. To achieve this object, in the present invention, pressure is applied to a heat insulating layer provided on a top surface of a piston main body, that is, a pressing stress is applied to the heat insulating layer in advance.

Abstract: A gasoline direct-injection engine is provided. The engine causes a self-ignition of a fuel injected into a cylinder by an injector and at least containing gasoline. The engine includes a controller for controlling the fuel injection by the injector. A geometric compression ratio of the engine is 15:1 or higher. The controller causes the injector to perform a pre-injection for keeping a variation of an in-cylinder temperature after a compression top dead center within a predetermined temperature range by injecting an amount of the fuel that causes an oxidative reaction without resulting in a hot flame reaction. The controller causes the injector to perform a main injection for causing self-ignition combustion of the fuel after the compression top dead center while the variation of the in-cylinder temperature is kept within the predetermined temperature range, by injecting the fuel after the pre-injection.

Abstract: A gasoline direct-injection engine is provided. The engine causes a self-ignition of a fuel injected into a cylinder by an injector and at least containing gasoline. The engine includes a controller for controlling the fuel injection by the injector. A geometric compression ratio of the engine is 15:1 or higher. The controller causes the injector to perform a pre-injection for keeping a variation of an in-cylinder temperature after a compression top dead center within a predetermined temperature range by injecting an amount of the fuel that causes an oxidative reaction without resulting in a hot flame reaction. The controller causes the injector to perform a main injection for causing self-ignition combustion of the fuel after the compression top dead center while the variation of the in-cylinder temperature is kept within the predetermined temperature range, by injecting the fuel after the pre-injection.

Abstract: An object is to easily set product specifications according to a client's requirements.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mounting structure for a suspension V-rod which can establish firm connection of a V-rod to an axle by fastening with unexcessive proper torque. Ends of an oscillating pin carried by a central bent end of the V-rod are aligned with brackets on a center of the axle and are fastened to the latter by a plurality of pairs of bolts and nuts. At least one pair of bolt and nut among the bolt and nut pairs and a bolt hole mating with the one pair are tapered such that a bold head of the bolt and the nut have tapered portions formed on opposed end faces thereof and gradually decreasing in diameter toward each other and that the mating bolt hole is complementarily tapered to snugly receive the tapered bolt head and the tapered nut.