Abstract: A first voltage source terminal, to which a first voltage is input, is connected to a maximum voltage terminal of serially-connected secondary batteries to be monitored. A second voltage source terminal, to which a second voltage is input, is connected to a minimum voltage terminal of the secondary batteries. A battery-voltage detecting unit outputs a detection signal based on a result of a voltage monitoring. A first reference-voltage generating unit receives the first and the second voltages as operating voltages, and generates a first reference voltage. A voltage converting unit receives the detection signal, and converts the detection signal received into either the first reference voltage or the second voltage. An output terminal outputs the detection signal converted, as an output detection signal.

Abstract: A first voltage source terminal, to which a first voltage is input, is connected to a maximum voltage terminal of serially-connected secondary batteries to be monitored. A second voltage source terminal, to which a second voltage is input, is connected to a minimum voltage terminal of the secondary batteries. A battery-voltage detecting unit outputs a detection signal based on a result of a voltage monitoring. A first reference-voltage generating unit receives the first and the second voltages as operating voltages, and generates a first reference voltage. A voltage converting unit receives the detection signal, and converts the detection signal received into either the first reference voltage or the second voltage. An output terminal outputs the detection signal converted, as an output detection signal.

Abstract: A first voltage source terminal, to which a first voltage is input, is connected to a maximum voltage terminal of serially-connected secondary batteries to be monitored. A second voltage source terminal, to which a second voltage is input, is connected to a minimum voltage terminal of the secondary batteries. A battery-voltage detecting unit outputs a detection signal based on a result of a voltage monitoring. A first reference-voltage generating unit receives the first and the second voltages as operating voltages, and generates a first reference voltage. A voltage converting unit receives the detection signal, and converts the detection signal received into either the first reference voltage or the second voltage. An output terminal outputs the detection signal converted, as an output detection signal.

Abstract: A first voltage source terminal, to which a first voltage is input, is connected to a maximum voltage terminal of serially-connected secondary batteries to be monitored. A second voltage source terminal, to which a second voltage is input, is connected to a minimum voltage terminal of the secondary batteries. A battery-voltage detecting unit outputs a detection signal based on a result of a voltage monitoring. A first reference-voltage generating unit receives the first and the second voltages as operating voltages, and generates a first reference voltage. A voltage converting unit receives the detection signal, and converts the detection signal received into either the first reference voltage or the second voltage. An output terminal outputs the detection signal converted, as an output detection signal.

Abstract: A photoresist process which comprises a process for spin-coating a substrate with a resist, a process for transferring a mask pattern onto the coated resist film followed by exposure, and a developing process for forming a pattern on the substrate after the pattern has been exposed. When the developed pattern of the resist pulsates with the increase or decrease of parameters in the process for applying resist, the value of the parameter is set to a value that corresponds to an extreme value of the pulsation.

Abstract: An analog operation circuit using a lateral transistor element having an emitter region, a base region disposed adjacent to and around the emitter region, a first collector region disposed in the base region adjacent to the emitter region through part of the base region, and a second collector region disposed outside the first collector region to surround the outside of the first collector region through part of the base region. The circuit comprises a first input means for applying a first input signal to the base of the transistor element, a second input means for applying a second input signal to the first collector of the transistor element, an output means derived from the second collector of the transistor element, and a bias means connected to the first collector for applying such a bias voltage that makes the transistor element operate in the saturation region.

Abstract: In a transistor differential amplifier circuit wherein first and second lateral transistors are connected as loads between respective collectors of a pair of differential amplification transistors and a first power supply terminal, a common emitter of the amplifying transistors is connected to a second power supply terminal through common impedance means, the first lateral transistor is made a multicollector structure, and an output is derived from only one collector of the first lateral transistor, the improvement comprising the fact that the second lateral transistor is also made a multicollector structure and that a collector of the second lateral transistor as corresponds to the aforecited output collector of the first lateral transistor is connected to the second power supply terminal.