Abstract: A heat exchanger includes: rows of heat transfer tubes disposed next to one another in an air flow direction; and headers each connected to an end of each of the rows of heat transfer tubes. A center position of an upstream-most header disposed on a most upstream side in the air flow direction among the headers is displaced upstream in the air flow direction from a center position of an upstream-most row of the heat transfer tubes to which the upstream-most header is connected such that the upstream-most header is spaced apart from a row of the heat transfer tubes adjacent to the upstream-most row of the heat transfer tubes.

Abstract: A method for treating a hardly-decomposable-substance-containing water which including: (B) adding an adsorbent to water containing a hardly decomposable substance to cause the hardly decomposable substance to be adsorbed on the adsorbent (adsorption treatment step); (C) separating a permeated liquid through a filter membrane to concentrate the adsorbent which has adsorbed the hardly decomposable substance (membrane filtering treatment step); (D) decomposing the hardly decomposable substance which has been adsorbed on the concentrated adsorbent (hardly decomposable substance decomposition step); and (E) returning the adsorbent after the decomposition of the hardly decomposable substance to the adsorption treatment step (B) (adsorbent returning step); and an apparatus for the treatment.

Abstract: A method for detoxifying a filter including the step of subjecting a filter with a hardly decomposable substance adhering thereto to chemical decomposition without desorbing the hardly decomposable substance from the filter.

Abstract: Provided a method for treating hardly-decomposable-substance-containing water, in which hardly decomposable substances such as dioxins, contained in contaminated water (treatment raw water) are concentrated and rendered harmless by providing the steps of (B) adding an adsorbent to water containing a hardly decomposable substance (treatment raw water) to cause the hardly decomposable substance to be adsorbed on the adsorbent (adsorption treatment step), (C) separating a permeated liquid through a filter membrane to concentrate the adsorbent adsorbing the hardly decomposable substance (membrane filtering treatment step), and (D) chemically decomposing the hardly decomposable substance adsorbed on the concentrated adsorbent with a peroxide without any operation of desorption from the adsorbent (chemical decomposition step), and the method can be applied to water containing a reducing substance such as bisulfate that neutralize free chlorine and can render the hardly decomposable substances harmless efficiently a