Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a standard exposure device (1) adjusted to emit light of a predetermined light quantity, and a control device configured to determine light quantity of the pre-charge exposure device in an image-forming period based on the first and the second charging current values, wherein first charging current value is detected when an area on a photosensitive member surface is recharged by the contact charging member, in a case where the photosensitive member is exposed by turning on the standard exposure device without turning on a pre-charge exposure device, and second charging current value is detected when an area on the photosensitive member surface is recharged by the contact charging member, in a case where the photosensitive member charged by applying a predetermined voltage by the contact charging member is exposed by turning on the pre-charge exposure device without turning on the standard exposure device.

Abstract: An inexpensive image forming apparatus, which can suppress a ghost to obtain an image maintaining satisfactory density and gradations for a long time.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a standard exposure device (1) adjusted to emit light of a predetermined light quantity, and a control device configured to determine light quantity of the pre-charge exposure device in an image-forming period based on the first and the second charging current values, wherein first charging current value is detected when an area on a photosensitive member surface is recharged by the contact charging member, in a case where the photosensitive member is exposed by turning on the standard exposure device without turning on a pre-charge exposure device, and second charging current value is detected when an area on the photosensitive member surface is recharged by the contact charging member, in a case where the photosensitive member charged by applying a predetermined voltage by the contact charging member is exposed by turning on the pre-charge exposure device without turning on the standard exposure device.

Abstract: An inexpensive image forming apparatus, which can suppress a ghost to obtain an image maintaining satisfactory density and gradations for a long time.

Abstract: A laser microscope includes a laser light source for emitting a coherent light beam, a scanning optical system for scanning the light beam emitted from the laser light source, an objective lens for condensing the light beam from the scanning optical system in a sample, a plurality of optical path-dividing members, a switching mechanism for holding the optical path-dividing members such that the optical path-dividing members can be selectively inserted in the optical path, an incident-light illumination light source for emitting an incident-light illumination beam, an observation section for enabling light to be observed through the selected optical path-dividing member, and a detector for enabling light, which the sample emits upon irradiation of the coherent beam, to be observed through the selected optical path-dividing member.

Abstract: An inverted microscope is provided that reflects an observation light passing through an image-formation optical system upward using at least one reflection optical system and that leads the observation light to an observation path. The inverted microscope includes a confocal scanner arranged at an image surface position of the image-formation optical system, a light source for applying light onto a sample through the confocal scanner and the image-formation optical system, and a confocal image formation optical system that leads the light passing through the confocal scanner to the sample through the image-formation optical system, returns a return light from the sample to the confocal scanner along a route opposite to that for leading the light to the sample, and obtains a confocal image. A confocal observation optical system is also provided for leading the return light from the sample passing through the optical scanner to the observation optical path.

Abstract: A laser scanning microscope having a first scanning optical system that causes coherent light projected from a first laser light source to scan a specimen, and a second scanning optical system that projects coherent light output from a second laser light source at a given position on the specimen. Fluorescence from the specimen is measured by a photoelectric conversion element.

Abstract: A confocal microscope of the present invention comprises a pinhole disk having a plurality of pinholes, a wavelength selection section for switching a wavelength or wavelength range of at least one of illumination light and observation light in synchronism with rotation of the pinhole disk, and an irradiating section for rotating the pinhole disk and irradiating the irradiation light, which has passed through each of the pinholes, toward a specimen.