Abstract: A fuel cell includes a proton-conducting solid electrolyte, a fuel electrode provided on one side of the solid electrolyte, and an oxidant electrode provided on the other side of the solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte includes at least one internal electrode therein. The fuel cell further includes a polarizing means for electrochemically polarizing the at least one internal electrode for oxidizing, or reducing, a fuel, or an oxidant, passing through an inside of the solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A polymer solid electrolyte type fuel cell includes an internal electrode in an ion exchange membrane made of a proton conductor, a voltage application device provided between the internal electrode and one of a fuel electrode and an oxidizer electrode. Applying voltage to the internal electrode makes it possible to control fuel and/or oxidizer movements in the electrolyte.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a fuel cell, which includes an electrolyte comprising at least one proton conductor; a fuel electrode provided on a first side of the electrolyte; an oxidant electrode provided on a second side of the electrolyte; at least one internal electrode provided in the electrolyte; and an electric voltage application means provided either between the internal electrode and the fuel electrode or between the internal electrode and the oxidant electrode. Other embodiments include methods of making and using and controlling the fuel cell.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a proton-conducting solid electrolyte membrane, an oxidant electrode provided on one side of the solid electrolyte membrane, a fuel electrode provided on the other side of the solid electrolyte membrane, and a polarizing device included in at least one of the oxidant electrode and the fuel electrode, the polarizing device when included in the oxidant electrode being served for a polarization thereof in order to oxidize a fuel that comes thereto after passing through the solid electrolyte membrane, the polarizing device when included in the fuel electrode being served for a polarization thereof in order to reduce the oxidant that comes thereto after passing through the solid electrolyte membrane.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a proton-conducting solid electrolyte, a fuel electrode provided on one side of the solid electrolyte, and an oxidant electrode provided on the other side of the solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte includes at least one internal electrode therein. The fuel cell further includes a polarizing means for electrochemically polarizing the at least one internal electrode for oxidizing, or reducing, a fuel, or an oxidant, passing through an inside of the solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A polymer solid electrolyte type fuel cell is provided capable of preventing chemical deterioration of fuel cell constituent materials such as an ion exchange membrane and the like.