Abstract: A gas includes a main pipe, a bypass pipe, a gas sensor and a cooler. The main pipe, as an exhaust pipe, discharges exhaust gas generated at combustion of gas fuel. The bypass pipe branches from the main pipe and is set to be smaller in flow rate of the exhaust gas than the main pipe. The gas sensor is arranged in the bypass pipe to detect a gas contained in the exhaust gas. The cooler cools the bypass pipe.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a solenoid valve and a pressure sensor disposed in a water pipe in this order from an upstream end, and a control unit controlling open/close of the solenoid valve and receives a sensor signal outputted from the pressure sensor. The controller obtains a difference between a water pressure measured by the pressure sensor when it is determined that the decreased degree of opening is increased, and a water pressure measured by the pressure sensor when a flow velocity is zero, and calculates a loss coefficient of an upstream water pipe located upstream from the solenoid valve based on the pressure difference and a flow velocity calculated based on a loss coefficient of the solenoid valve. The controller estimates a flow velocity of the water currently flowing in the water pipe based on the loss coefficient and the difference between water pressures of the last and present measurements.

Abstract: In a method for estimating water content of exhaust gas, a first gas concentration at a first position in an exhaust passage, a second gas concentration at a second position downstream of the first position, and a gas temperature at the second position are obtained. A saturated water vapor at the gas temperature is calculated as a water content at the second position. By using the water content at the second position and the second gas concentration, an excess air amount of a fuel-air mixture supplied to a combustion apparatus is calculated based on a chemical reaction formula of combustion of the mixture. By using the excess air amount and the first gas concentration, a water content at the first position is estimated.

Abstract: A water leakage detector includes: an electrostatic capacity sensor that is arranged at a bottom portion of a housing; and a leg portion that provides a space between the bottom portion and a floor of the housing including the electrostatic capacity sensor. With this configuration, it may be possible to detect quickly in an earlier stage of water leakage and achieve resistance to deterioration caused by an environment.

Abstract: A water leakage detection system includes: a solenoid valve that is provided to a water pipe having at least one feed-water valve on a downstream portion of the water pipe, and is configured to be set to at least one stage of a partially-opened state between a fully-closed state and a fully-opened state; a flow meter that is disposed on a downstream side of the solenoid valve; and a controller that controls an opening/closing state of the solenoid valve, and receives information on a flow rate detected by the flow meter. The controller detects water leakage in the water pipe when the solenoid valve is turned to the fully-closed state, and thereafter when the solenoid valve is set to the partially-opened state at a time point when a predetermined time elapses, and thereafter when the flow meter detects a flow rate.

Abstract: In a method for estimating water content of exhaust gas, a first gas concentration at a first position in an exhaust passage, a second gas concentration at a second position downstream of the first position, and a gas temperature at the second position are obtained. A saturated water vapor at the gas temperature is calculated as a water content at the second position. By using the water content at the second position and the second gas concentration, an excess air amount of a fuel-air mixture supplied to a combustion apparatus is calculated based on a chemical reaction formula of combustion of the mixture. By using the excess air amount and the first gas concentration, a water content at the first position is estimated.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a solenoid valve and a pressure sensor disposed in a water pipe in this order from an upstream end, and a control unit controlling open/close of the solenoid valve and receives a sensor signal outputted from the pressure sensor. The controller obtains a difference between a water pressure measured by the pressure sensor when it is determined that the decreased degree of opening is increased, and a water pressure measured by the pressure sensor when a flow velocity is zero, and calculates a loss coefficient of an upstream water pipe located upstream from the solenoid valve based on the pressure difference and a flow velocity calculated based on a loss coefficient of the solenoid valve. The controller estimates a flow velocity of the water currently flowing in the water pipe based on the loss coefficient and the difference between water pressures of the last and present measurements.

Abstract: A water leakage detector includes: an electrostatic capacity sensor that is arranged at a bottom portion of a housing; and a leg portion that provides a space between the bottom portion and a floor of the housing including the electrostatic capacity sensor. With this configuration, it may be possible to detect quickly in an earlier stage of water leakage and achieve resistance to deterioration caused by an environment.

Abstract: A water leakage detection system includes: a solenoid valve that is provided to a water pipe having at least one feed-water valve on a downstream portion of the water pipe, and is configured to be set to at least one stage of a partially-opened state between a fully-closed state and a fully-opened state; a flow meter that is disposed on a downstream side of the solenoid valve; and a controller that controls an opening/closing state of the solenoid valve, and receives information on a flow rate detected by the flow meter. The controller detects water leakage in the water pipe when the solenoid valve is turned to the fully-closed state, and thereafter when the solenoid valve is set to the partially-opened state at a time point when a predetermined time elapses, and thereafter when the flow meter detects a flow rate.

Abstract: A workable high strength shape memory alloys comprising:Al: 11.5-13.5%,Ni: 2-6%,Mn: 1-5%,Ti: 0.1-5%,each on the weight basis, and the balance of Cu and inevitable impurities.In the modified alloy composition, the workability can be improved without increasing the martensitic transformation temperature.