Abstract: A variable damping valve of a shock absorber is capable of properly adjusting a damping force according to read conditions, travel conditions and the like while a vehicle is traveling, thereby improving ride comfort and control stability. A flow of oil is controlled to generate a damping force and the damping force is simultaneously adjusted according to pressure in a pilot chamber. The damping valve comprises an upper retainer communicating with a high-pressure side and a main valve installed below the upper retainer. The main valve comprises a valve body defining a pilot chamber, a disk ring installed on a top surface of the valve body, and a housing for containing the valve body and the disk ring and integrally confining the valve body and the disk ring by being curled at upper and lower ends of the housing.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a first substrate having a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines crossing each other; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a first pattern spacer having an inverse tapered shape on an inner surface of the first substrate; a second pattern spacer having an inverse tapered shape on an inner surface of the second substrate; a seal pattern on a peripheral edge of the first and second substrates; and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method using large-area organic vapor phase deposition for formation of organic thin films and organic devices. The apparatus includes a deposition part and a source part. The deposition part includes a process chamber; a substrate holder installed in the process chamber for supporting a loaded substrate; a substrate temperature controller installed in the substrate holder for controlling the temperature of the substrate; and a shower head installed opposite the substrate holder in the process chamber for uniformly distributing onto the substrate organic source vapors to be used for a deposition reaction.