Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining the DNA quality of a biological sample and, more specifically, to a method for determining the DNA quality of a biological sample by performing a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers capable of amplifying a target gene, a method for preparing the primers used in the method, and a method for standardizing the amount of detected target gene mutation by using the determined DNA quality. The method of the present invention enables objective evaluation of the DNA quality of a biological sample used in gene analysis and the presentation of objective results on the expression ratio of a gene mutation, thereby providing reliable information in the fields of clinical research and companion diagnosis.

Abstract: A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a lithium titanate compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, where R, a Raman spectrum intensity ratio (I(F2u)/I(F2g)) of an F2u peak in a range of about 200 cm?1 to about 300 cm?1 relative to an F2g peak in a range of about 400 cm?1 to about 550 cm?1 is greater than or equal to about 0.7. Li4+xTi5?yMzO12?n??Chemical Formula 1 In Chemical Formula 1, ?0.2?x?0.2, ?0.3?y?0.3, 0?z?0.3, ?0.3?n?0.3, and M is selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Sr, Cr, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, W, Ba, La, Ce, Ag, Ta, Hf, Ru, Bi, Sb, As, and a combination thereof.

Abstract: In an aspect, a positive electrode for a lithium rechargeable battery including a current collector; a positive active material layer disposed on the current collector, wherein the positive active material layer includes a positive active material, active carbon, and an additive.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a negative active material including a titanium-containing oxide and amorphous carbon. The titanium-containing oxide is present in a larger amount than the amorphous carbon.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a negative active material including a titanium-containing oxide and amorphous carbon. The titanium-containing oxide is present in a larger amount than the amorphous carbon.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium battery includes a negative electrode including a negative active material including titanium-containing oxide; a positive electrode including a positive active material represented by Chemical Formula 1, Chemical Formula 2 or a combination thereof and activated carbon; and an electrolyte: LixMO2-zLz??[Chemical Formula 1] LixNiyT1-yO2-zLz??[Chemical Formula 2] Definitions of Chemical Formula 1 and 2 are the same as in the detailed description.

Abstract: A negative electrode composition for a rechargeable lithium battery. The negative electrode includes a negative active material and crystalline carbon conductive material, wherein the negative active material includes soft carbon, and the crystalline carbon conductive material includes graphite having an average particle diameter (D90) of about 1 micrometer to about 20 micrometers.

Abstract: A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a lithium titanate compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, where R, a Raman spectrum intensity ratio (I(F2u)/I(F2g)) of an F2u peak in a range of about 200 cm?1 to about 300 cm?1 relative to an F2g peak in a range of about 400 cm?1 to about 550 cm?1 is greater than or equal to about 0.7. Li4+xTi5?yMzO12?n ??Chemical Formula 1 In Chemical Formula 1, ?0.2?x?0.2, ?0.3?y?0.3, 0?z?0.3, ?0.3?n?0.3, and M is selected from Mg, Al, Ca, Sr, Cr, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, W, Ba, La, Ce, Ag, Ta, Hf, Ru, Bi, Sb, As, and a combination thereof.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery, the electrolyte including a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent, a first additive represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a second additive represented by Chemical Formula 2 is disclosed. A rechargeable lithium battery including the electrolyte is also disclosed. The structures and definitions of the Chemical Formulae 1 and 2 are the same as described in the detailed description.

Abstract: An electrolyte for rechargeable lithium battery includes a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent, a first additive represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, and a second additive represented by the following Chemical Formula 2. A rechargeable lithium battery includes the electrolyte.

Abstract: A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a porous material including primary particles, and secondary particles including aggregates of a plurality of the primary particles. The porous material has a tap density of 0.3 to less than 1.0 g/cc. A positive electrode includes the positive active material. A rechargeable lithium battery includes the positive electrode including the positive active material.

Abstract: A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes amorphous carbon and lithium metal nitride represented by Chemical Formula 1 Li3-xMxN??Chemical Formula 1 In Chemical Formula 1, M and x are as described in the present disclosure. The negative active material of Chemical Formula 1 has high initial charge and discharge efficiency and excellent reversibility, as well as excellent cycle-life characteristics and high-rate charge and discharge characteristics and thus, can realize a high-capacity rechargeable lithium battery. A method of preparing the negative active material of Chemical Formula 1, and a rechargeable lithium battery including the same are also disclosed.

Abstract: A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a porous material including primary particles, and secondary particles including aggregates of a plurality of the primary particles. The porous material has a tap density of 0.3 to less than 1.0 g/cc. A positive electrode includes the positive active material. A rechargeable lithium battery includes the positive electrode including the positive active material.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) of improved current collecting efficiency including, an anode, a cathode, an electrolytic layer between the anode and the cathode, and a current collector in an interior space defined by the anode and comprising a current collecting wire layer having a multiple-layered structure including a metal wire and a coating layer on an outer circumferential surface of the metal wire and having a higher melting point than that of the metal wire.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium battery module includes a first rechargeable lithium battery cell combined with a second rechargeable lithium battery cell, the first rechargeable lithium battery cell being the same or different than the second rechargeable lithium battery cell, and the rechargeable lithium battery module has an output voltage of about 13.6 V to about 15.6 V.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery, the electrolyte including a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent, a first additive represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a second additive represented by Chemical Formula 2 is disclosed. A rechargeable lithium battery including the electrolyte is also disclosed. The structures and definitions of the Chemical Formulae 1 and 2 are the same as described in the detailed description.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing a bioalcohol based on the fermentation of syngas. The method includes adding hydrophilic nanoparticles surface modified with hydrophobic groups to a culture medium for fermentation. Also disclosed are hydrophilic nanoparticles surface modified with hydrophobic groups for enhancing bioalcohol yield. The hydrophilic nanoparticles may be, for example, silica nanoparticles.

Abstract: In an aspect, a positive electrode for a lithium rechargeable battery including a current collector; a positive active material layer disposed on the current collector, wherein the positive active material layer includes a positive active material, active carbon, and an additive.

Abstract: In an aspect, a negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery that includes amorphous carbon, wherein the amorphous carbon may generally have a relatively larger average lattice distance (d002) than graphite is provided.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a current collector and a negative active material layer including a negative active material on the current collector. A rechargeable lithium battery includes the negative electrode. The negative active material includes amorphous carbon with an average aspect ratio of 1.1 to 6, included in an amount of about 55.5 wt % to about 99.5 wt % based on the total weight of the negative active material layer.