Abstract: A rigid polyurethane foam which is a polymerization product of a composition including a concentrated acid hydrolytic lignin, a polyol, and an isocyanate, and a method of preparing the rigid polyurethane foam.

Abstract: A method of preparing a low-molecular lignin derivative comprises the step of: preparing lignin by hydrolyzing lignocellulosic biomass with an acid; preparing a first mixture by mixing 100 parts by weight of the lignin and 500 parts or more by weight of a phenolic compound; preparing a second mixture by mixing the first mixture with a solvent including the hydrophobic polar solvent; and recovering a low-molecular lignin derivative from the second mixture.

Abstract: A rigid polyurethane foam which is a polymerization product of a composition including a concentrated acid hydrolytic lignin, a polyol, and an isocyanate, and a method of preparing the rigid polyurethane foam.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and treatment of liver toxicity originated from acetaminophen comprising TNP (N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine) as an active ingredient. The present inventors confirmed that TNP known as a 5-inosito pyrophosphate inhibitor suppressed apoptosis caused by acetaminophen in human embryonic stem cell-derived liver cells, mouse liver cells, and human hepatoma cell lines, up-regulated glutathione converted in liver cells, and inhibited JNK phosphorylation that is a kind of response against stress increased by acetaminophen. The inventors further confirmed that TNP had the activity of protecting liver cells from the toxicity caused by acetaminophen in an animal model. Therefore, TNP can be efficiently used as an active ingredient for a composition for the prevention and treatment of liver toxicity caused by acetaminophen.

Abstract: A semiconductor system may include a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device. The first semiconductor device may output command/address signals and receives temperature codes. The second semiconductor device may sense an internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a first combination, generate and output the temperature codes having a combination corresponding to the internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a second combination, and adjust a period of the temperature codes in accordance with a temperature section of the internal temperature.

Abstract: A semiconductor apparatus suitable for operating by being applied with a plurality of external voltages from an exterior includes an initialization block configured to enable an initialization signal until all of the plurality of external voltages are higher than preset voltage levels after the plurality of external voltages are initially applied to the semiconductor apparatus; and an internal circuit configured to perform an initialization operation in response to the initialization signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor system may include a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device. The first semiconductor device may output command/address signals and receives temperature codes. The second semiconductor device may sense an internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a first combination, generate and output the temperature codes having a combination corresponding to the internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a second combination, and adjust a period of the temperature codes in accordance with a temperature section of the internal temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and treatment of liver toxicity originated from acetaminophen comprising TNP (N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine) as an active ingredient. The present inventors confirmed that TNP known as a 5-inosito pyrophosphate inhibitor suppressed apoptosis caused by acetaminophen in human embryonic stem cell-derived liver cells, mouse liver cells, and human hepatoma cell lines, up-regulated glutathione converted in liver cells, and inhibited JNK phosphorylation that is a kind of response against stress increased by acetaminophen. The inventors further confirmed that TNP had the activity of protecting liver cells from the toxicity caused by acetaminophen in an animal model. Therefore, TNP can be efficiently used as an active ingredient for a composition for the prevention and treatment of liver toxicity caused by acetaminophen.

Abstract: A method of preparing a low-molecular lignin derivative comprises the step of: preparing lignin by hydrolyzing lignocellulosic biomass with an acid; preparing a first mixture by mixing 100 parts by weight of the lignin and 500 parts or more by weight of a phenolic compound; preparing a second mixture by mixing the first mixture with a solvent including the hydrophobic polar solvent; and recovering a low-molecular lignin derivative from the second mixture.

Abstract: A zoom lens and a photographing device including the zoom lens, the zoom lens including a first lens group having a negative refractive power, a second lens group having a positive refractive power, and a third lens group having a positive refractive power, which are sequentially arranged in the direction from an object side to an image side. During zooming from a wide angle position to a telephoto position, an interval between the first lens group and the second lens group decreases, and an interval between the second lens group and the third lens group increases. The first lens group comprises a first lens, a second lens being a negative lens formed of plastic, and a third lens being a positive lens formed of plastic. Therefore, the zoom lens is compact and low-priced and has a high magnification.

Abstract: A reference voltage generation circuit includes: a reference voltage generation unit configured to generate a plurality of reference voltages having mutually different temperature characteristics, a switching unit configured to select and output one of the plurality of reference voltages in response to a control signal, a temperature detection unit configured to detect temperature change and to output a temperature detection signal, and a control unit configured to generate the control signal in response to the temperature detection to signal.

Abstract: A zoom lens and a photographing device including the zoom lens, the zoom lens including a first lens group having a negative refractive power, a second lens group having a positive refractive power, and a third lens group having a positive refractive power, which are sequentially arranged in the direction from an object side to an image side. During zooming from a wide angle position to a telephoto position, an interval between the first lens group and the second lens group decreases, and an interval between the second lens group and the third lens group increases. The first lens group comprises a first lens, a second lens being a negative lens formed of plastic, and a third lens being a positive lens formed of plastic. Therefore, the zoom lens is compact and low-priced and has a high magnification.

Abstract: A phase-change memory device and its firing method are provided. The firing method of the phase-change memory device includes applying a writing current to phase-change memory cells, identifying a state of the phase-change memory cells after applying the writing current, and applying a firing current, in which an additional current is added to the writing current, to the phase-change memory cells in accordance with the state.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device using a variable resistive element is provided. The nonvolatile memory device may include a memory cell array which includes an array of multiple nonvolatile memory cells having variable resistance levels depending on data stored. Word lines may be coupled with each column of the nonvolatile memory cells. Local bit lines may be coupled with each row of the nonvolatile memory cells. Global bit lines may be selectively coupled with the multiple local bit lines.

Abstract: A phase-change memory device and its firing method are provided. The firing method of the phase-change memory device includes applying a writing current to phase-change memory cells, identifying a state of the phase-change memory cells after applying the writing current, and applying a firing current, in which an additional current is added to the writing current, to the phase-change memory cells in accordance with the state.

Abstract: A method for distinguishing erythroblasts from bacteria by automated hematology analyzers, such as, for example, the CELL-DYN® 4000 automated hematology analyzer and the CELL-DYN® Sapphire™ automated hematology analyzer. Bacterial cells scatter light and fluoresce differently than do red blood cells, white blood cells, erythroblast nuclei, and platelets. Signals generated by bacteria are distinguishable from those of erythroblasts because the signals generated by erythroblast nuclei are sufficiently unique that erythroblast nuclei can be distinguished from signals generated by bacteria. Signals generated by platelets, lysed red blood cell ghosts, and other cell debris are blocked by the triple-trigger circuitry of the hematology analyzer, because all of the signals generated by noise are below the AND/OR thresholds.

Abstract: A semiconductor device for applying an auto clock alignment training mode to reduce the time required for a clock alignment training operation. The semiconductor device adjusts the entry time of the auto clock alignment training mode to prevent the clock alignment training operation from malfunctioning. The semiconductor device includes a clock division block configured to divide a data clock to generate a data division clock, a phase multiplex block configured to generate a plurality of multiple data division clocks in response to the data division clock, a logic level control block configured to set a period, in which a division control signal is changeable, depending on the data division clock, and a first phase detection block configured to detect a phase of a system clock on the basis of the multiple data division clocks in the period, and to generate the division control signal corresponding to a detection result.

Abstract: A phase-change memory device and its firing method are provided. The firing method of the phase-change memory device includes applying a writing current to phase-change memory cells, identifying a state of the phase-change memory cells after applying the writing current, and applying a firing current, in which an additional current is added to the writing current, to the phase-change memory cells in accordance with the state.

Abstract: A semiconductor device for applying an auto clock alignment training mode to reduce the time required for a clock alignment training operation. The semiconductor device adjusts the entry time of the auto clock alignment training mode to prevent the clock alignment training operation from malfunctioning. The semiconductor device includes a clock division block configured to divide a data clock to generate a data division clock, a phase multiplex block configured to generate a plurality of multiple data division clocks in response to the data division clock, a logic level control block configured to set a period, in which a division control signal is changeable, depending on the data division clock, and a first phase detection block configured to detect a phase of a system clock on the basis of the multiple data division clocks in the period, and to generate the division control signal corresponding to a detection result.

Abstract: Nonvolatile memory devices include a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells and a write circuit that is operable to write data to the nonvolatile memory cells over a plurality of consecutive division write periods by generating a plurality of write pulses whose peaks do not coincide with one another to the nonvolatile memory cells.